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The rule is that any redirection sets the handle to the output stream independently. So " 2>&1 " sets handle 2 to whatever handle 1 points to, which at that point usually is stdout . Then " > " redirects handle 1 to something else, e.g. a file, but it does not change handle 2 , which still points to stdout .
Standard input is a stream from which a program reads its input data. The program requests data transfers by use of the read operation. Not all programs require stream input. For example, the dir and ls programs (which display file names contained in a directory) may take command-line arguments, but perform their operations without any stream ...
The Linux tee command was written by Mike Parker, Richard Stallman, and David MacKenzie. [5] The command is available as a separate package for Microsoft Windows as part of the UnxUtils collection of native Win32 ports of common GNU Unix-like utilities. [6] The FreeDOS version was developed by Jim Hall and is licensed under the GPL. [7]
A pipeline mechanism is used for inter-process communication using message passing. A pipeline is a set of processes chained together by their standard streams, so that the output text of each process is passed directly as input to the next one.
This class of status code indicates the client must take additional action to complete the request. Many of these status codes are used in URL redirection. [2]A user agent may carry out the additional action with no user interaction only if the method used in the second request is GET or HEAD.
Process substitution can also be used to capture output that would normally go to a file, and redirect it to the input of a process. The Bash syntax for writing to a process is >(command). Here is an example using the tee, wc and gzip commands that counts the lines in a file with wc -l and compresses it with gzip in one pass:
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Since version 2.05b Bash can redirect standard input (stdin) from a "here string" using the <<< operator. Bash 3.0 supports in-process regular expression matching using a syntax reminiscent of Perl. [89] In February 2009, [90] Bash 4.0 introduced support for associative arrays. [4] Associative array indices are strings, in a manner similar to ...