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An example of a linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) Linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) are prepared industrially by the sulfonation of linear alkylbenzenes (LABs), which can themselves be prepared in several ways. [2] In the most common route benzene is alkylated by long chain monoalkenes (e.g. dodecene) using hydrogen fluoride as a catalyst. [9]
The sulfonate ion. In organosulfur chemistry, a sulfonate is a salt, anion or ester of a sulfonic acid. Its formula is R−S(=O) 2 −O −, containing the functional group −S(=O) 2 −O −, where R is typically an organyl group, amino group or a halogen atom. Sulfonates are the conjugate bases of sulfonic acids.
Many method have been developed for introducing sulfonate groups aside from direction sulfonation. A classic named reaction is the Piria reaction (Raffaele Piria, 1851) in which nitrobenzene is treated with a metal bisulfite forming an aminosulfonic acid as a result of combined nitro group reduction and sulfonation. [2] [5] [6] The Piria reaction
α-Olefin sulfonates with linear alkenyl radicals from C 12 to C 18 are used as anionic surfactants in various areas of application due to their pronounced foam formation [clarification needed] and foam stability (even with high water hardness), excellent fat-dissolving power and oil dissolving power as well as a favorable ecological profile and low aquatic toxicity and human toxicity.
The electrophilic carbocations produced during ether cleavage react with bisulfite ions (HSO 3 −) to give sulfonates. R-O-R' + H + → R + + R'OH R + + HSO 3 − → R-SO 3 H. The primary site for ether cleavage is the α-carbon (carbon atom attached to the aromatic ring) of the propyl (linear three carbon) side chain. The following ...
General structure of a sulfonic acid with the functional group indicated in blue. In organic chemistry, sulfonic acid (or sulphonic acid) refers to a member of the class of organosulfur compounds with the general formula R−S(=O) 2 −OH, where R is an organic alkyl or aryl group and the S(=O) 2 (OH) group a sulfonyl hydroxide. [1]
Polysulfobetaines are zwitterionic polymers that contain a positively charged quaternary ammonium and a negatively charged sulfonate group within one constitutional repeat unit. [1] [2] In recent years, polysulfobetaines have received increasing attention owing to their good biotolerance and ultralow-fouling behavior towards surfaces. These ...
Leaving group reactivity of alcohols can be increased with sulfonates, such as tosylate (− OTs), triflate (− OTf), and mesylate (− OMs). Poor leaving groups include hydroxide (− OH), alkoxides (− OR), and amides (− NR 2). The Finkelstein reaction is one S N 2 reaction in which the leaving group can also act as a nucleophile. In this ...