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Dysautonomia, autonomic failure, or autonomic dysfunction is a condition in which the autonomic nervous system (ANS) does not work properly. This condition may affect the functioning of the heart, bladder, intestines, sweat glands, pupils, and blood vessels. Dysautonomia has many causes, not all of which may be classified as neuropathic. [5]
Primary autonomic failure (also called primary dysautonomia) refers to a category of dysautonomias — conditions in which the autonomic nervous system does not function properly. In primary dysautonomias, the autonomic dysfunction occurs as a primary condition (as opposed to resulting from another disease). [ 1 ]
Orthostatic intolerance (OI) is the development of symptoms when standing upright that are relieved when reclining. [1] There are many types of orthostatic intolerance. OI can be a subcategory of dysautonomia, a disorder of the autonomic nervous system [2] occurring when an individual stands up. [3]
Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy is a type of immune-mediated autonomic failure that is associated with antibodies against the ganglionic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor present in sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric ganglia. Typical symptoms include gastrointestinal dysmotility, orthostatic hypotension, and tonic pupils. [1]
Pure autonomic failure (PAF) is an uncommon, sporadic neurodegenerative condition marked by a steadily declining autonomic regulation. [3] Bradbury and Eggleston originally described pure autonomic failure in 1925. [4] Patients usually present with orthostatic hypotension or syncope in midlife or later.
Dysautonomia (autonomic dysfunction) occurs when Lewy pathology affects the peripheral autonomic nervous system (the nerves dealing with the unconscious functions of organs such as the intestines, heart, and urinary tract). [20] The first signs of autonomic dysfunction are often subtle. [53]
Familial dysautonomia (FD), also known as Riley–Day syndrome, is a rare, [2] progressive, [3] recessive genetic disorder of the autonomic nervous system [2] that affects the development and survival of sensory, sympathetic, and some parasympathetic neurons in the autonomic and sensory nervous system.
Autonomic neuropathy is one cause of malfunction of the autonomic nervous system (referred to as dysautonomia), but not the only one; some conditions affecting the brain or spinal cord also may cause autonomic dysfunction, such as multiple system atrophy, and therefore, may cause similar symptoms to autonomic neuropathy.