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The undominated pairs are labelled with Roman numerals; the three with asterisks are duplicates of pairs (i)-(iii). As summarized in Figure 2, there are nine undominated pairs (labelled with Roman numerals). However, three pairs are duplicates after any variables common to a pair are 'cancelled' (e.g. pair *i is a duplicate of pair i, etc.).
Ranked Pairs (RP), also known as the Tideman method, is a tournament-style system of ranked voting first proposed by Nicolaus Tideman in 1987. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] If there is a candidate who is preferred over the other candidates, when compared in turn with each of the others, the ranked-pairs procedure guarantees that candidate will win.
Their description of the algorithm used pencil and paper; a table of random numbers provided the randomness. The basic method given for generating a random permutation of the numbers 1 through N goes as follows: Write down the numbers from 1 through N. Pick a random number k between one and the number of unstruck numbers remaining (inclusive).
Partition the sequence into non-overlapping pairs: if the two elements of the pair are equal (00 or 11), discard it; if the two elements of the pair are unequal (01 or 10), keep the first. This yields a sequence of Bernoulli trials with p = 1 / 2 , {\displaystyle p=1/2,} as, by exchangeability, the odds of a given pair being 01 or 10 are equal.
A simple algorithm to generate a permutation of n items uniformly at random without retries, known as the Fisher–Yates shuffle, is to start with any permutation (for example, the identity permutation), and then go through the positions 0 through n − 2 (we use a convention where the first element has index 0, and the last element has index n − 1), and for each position i swap the element ...
A randomized algorithm is an algorithm that employs a degree of randomness as part of its logic or procedure. The algorithm typically uses uniformly random bits as an auxiliary input to guide its behavior, in the hope of achieving good performance in the "average case" over all possible choices of random determined by the random bits; thus either the running time, or the output (or both) are ...
A paired difference test is designed for situations where there is dependence between pairs of measurements (in which case a test designed for comparing two independent samples would not be appropriate). That applies in a within-subjects study design, i.e., in a study where the same set of subjects undergo both of the conditions being compared.
Pairwise independent random variables with finite variance are uncorrelated. A pair of random variables X and Y are independent if and only if the random vector (X, Y) with joint cumulative distribution function (CDF) , (,) satisfies , (,) = (),