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Constant sum: A game is a constant sum game if the sum of the payoffs to every player are the same for every single set of strategies. In these games, one player gains if and only if another player loses. A constant sum game can be converted into a zero sum game by subtracting a fixed value from all payoffs, leaving their relative order unchanged.
Determined game (or Strictly determined game) In game theory, a strictly determined game is a two-player zero-sum game that has at least one Nash equilibrium with both players using pure strategies. [2] [3] Dictator A player is a strong dictator if he can guarantee any outcome regardless of the other players.
Similarly, an auction is a game form that takes each bidder's price and maps them to both a winner and a set of payments by the bidders. Often, a game form is a set of rules or institutions designed to implement some normative goal (called a social choice function ), by motivating agents to act in a particular way through an appropriate choice ...
Conditions on G (the stage game) – whether there are any technical conditions that should hold in the one-shot game in order for the theorem to work. Conditions on x (the target payoff vector of the repeated game) – whether the theorem works for any individually rational and feasible payoff vector, or only on a subset of these vectors.
Separately, game theory has played a role in online algorithms; in particular, the k-server problem, which has in the past been referred to as games with moving costs and request-answer games. [125] Yao's principle is a game-theoretic technique for proving lower bounds on the computational complexity of randomized algorithms , especially online ...
Below, the normal form for both of these games is shown as well. The first game is simply sequential―when player 2 makes a choice, both parties are already aware of whether player 1 has chosen O(pera) or F(ootball). The second game is also sequential, but the dotted line shows player 2's information set. This is the common way to show that ...
Reference itself captures the relationship between the referent and the word or phrase used by the speaker. For referring expressions, the denotation of the phrase is most likely the phrase's referent. For content words, the denotation of the word can refer to any object, real or imagined, to which the word could be applied. [2]
In formal semantics and philosophy of language, a definite description is a denoting phrase in the form of "the X" where X is a noun-phrase or a singular common noun.The definite description is proper if X applies to a unique individual or object.