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Neuroplasticity is the process by which neurons adapt to a disturbance over time, and most often occurs in response to repeated exposure to stimuli. [27] Aerobic exercise increases the production of neurotrophic factors [note 1] (e.g., BDNF, IGF-1, VEGF) which mediate improvements in cognitive functions and various forms of memory by promoting blood vessel formation in the brain, adult ...
The parasympathetic nervous system works to decrease the heart rate, while the SNS works to increase the heart rate. [17] For example, someone with high HRV may reflect increased parasympathetic activity, and someone with low HRV may reflect increased sympathetic activity. [22] Emotions stem from the time and impact of a situation on a person. [23]
One of the explanations for an increase in the intracellular calcium concentration is the inability of the Na + /K +-ATPase to keep up with influx of sodium at higher heart rates. When a higher heart rate occurs, for example due to adrenergic stimulation, the L-type calcium channel has increased activity.
Tachycardia, also called tachyarrhythmia, is a heart rate that exceeds the normal resting rate. [1] In general, a resting heart rate over 100 beats per minute is accepted as tachycardia in adults. [1] Heart rates above the resting rate may be normal (such as with exercise) or abnormal (such as with electrical problems within the heart).
The first-line physiologic response to this demand is an increase in heart rate, breathing rate, and depth of breathing. Oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) during exercise is best described by the Fick Equation : VO 2 =Q x (a-vO 2 diff), which states that the amount of oxygen consumed is equal to cardiac output (Q) multiplied by the difference between ...
The two branches of the autonomic nervous system work together to increase or slow the heart rate. The vagus nerve acts on the sinoatrial node, slowing its conduction and modulating vagal tone, via the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and downstream changes to ionic currents and calcium of heart cells. [ 4 ]
Cardiovascular fitness is a component of physical fitness, which refers to a person's ability to deliver oxygen to the working muscles, including the heart.Cardiovascular fitness is improved by sustained physical activity (see also Endurance Training) and is affected by many physiological parameters, including cardiac output (determined by heart rate multiplied by stroke volume), vascular ...
A reduction in stroke volume is the decline in the volume of blood the heart is circulating, reducing the heart’s cardiac output. [6] The stroke volume is reduced due to loss of fluids in the body, reducing the volume of blood in the body. [7] This leads the increase in heart rate to compensate for the reduced cardiac output during exercise. [6]