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The Albigensian Crusade (French: Croisade des albigeois), also known as the Cathar Crusade (1209–1229), was a military and ideological campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism in Languedoc, what is now southern France. The Crusade was prosecuted primarily by the French crown and promptly took on a political aspect.
The siege of Avignon was the principal military action of the Albigensian Crusade of 1226. King Louis VIII of France besieged the town of Avignon , which lay within the Holy Roman Empire , from 10 June until 9 September, when it surrendered on terms.
A Most Holy War: The Albigensian Crusade and the Battle for Christendom (New York: Oxford University Press 2007) ISBN 978-0195171310. Beatrice's Last Smile: A New History of the Middle Ages (New York: Oxford University Press, 2023) ISBN 978-0199766482. Articles "Le corps et l’autorité: la lèpre de Baudouin IV,” Annales ESC, 45 (1990): 265 ...
The Battle of Muret (Occitan: Batalha de Murèth), fought on 12 September 1213 near Muret, 25 km south of Toulouse, was the last major battle of the Albigensian Crusade and one of the most notable pitched battles of the Middle Ages.
In 1215, the Fourth Lateran Council gave the Albigensian Crusade, between 1209 and 1229, equivalence with the Eastern crusades. This crusade was supported by developments such as the creation of the Papal States, the aim to make the crusade indulgence available to the laity, the reconfiguration of Christian society, and ecclesiastical taxation. [1]
Pierre de Castelnau (? - died 15 January 1208), French ecclesiastic, made papal legate in 1199 to address the Cathar heresy, he was subsequently murdered in 1208. Following his death Pope Innocent III beatified him by papal order, excommunicated Count Raymond VI of Toulouse, and declared the Albigensian crusade.
When they were taken by the Catholic Crusaders they were generally offered to senior Crusade commanders who would replace the local lord as master of the castle and the surrounding area. [2] The old lords, sometimes Cathar sympathisers, were dispossessed and often became refugees or guerrilla resistance fighters known as "faidits".
Western Europe in the Middle Ages: a Short History (1955) – a brief version of the above, reprinted in later editions. The Interpretation of History (1950) The Course of Civilization (1961) Feudalism (1965) On the Medieval Origins of the Modern State (1970) Medieval statecraft and the perspectives of history (1971) The Albigensian Crusade (1972)