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A water buffalo chewing cud. Chewing is primarily an unconscious (semi-autonomic) act, but can be mediated by higher conscious input.The motor program for mastication is a hypothesized central nervous system function by which the complex patterns governing mastication are created and controlled.
Cud is a portion of food that returns from a ruminant's stomach to the mouth to be chewed for the second time. More precisely, it is a bolus of semi-degraded food regurgitated from the reticulorumen of a ruminant. Cud is produced during the physical digestive process of rumination. [1]
The chewing of cud by animals such as cows, goats, and giraffes is considered normal behavior. These animals are known as ruminants. [8] Such behavior, though termed rumination, is not related to human rumination syndrome, but is ordinary. Involuntary rumination, similar to what is seen in humans, has been described in gorillas and other ...
The process of rechewing the cud to further break down plant matter and stimulate digestion is called rumination. [2] [3] The word "ruminant" comes from the Latin ruminare, which means "to chew over again". The roughly 200 species of ruminants include both domestic and wild species. [4]
Betel nut chewing, also called betel quid chewing or areca nut chewing, is a practice in which areca nuts (also called "betel nuts") are chewed together with slaked lime and betel leaves for their stimulant and narcotic effects, the primary psychoactive compound being arecoline.
The hare, for chewing the cud without having cloven hooves. [2] [5] The pig, for having cloven hooves without chewing the cud. [6] [7] While camels possess a single stomach, and are thus not true ruminants, they do chew cud; additionally, camels do not have hooves at all, but rather separate toes on individual toe pads, with hoof-like toenails.
The hippopotamus is a large, semi-aquatic mammal inhabiting rivers, lakes, and mangrove swamps. During the day, they remain cool by staying in the water or mud; reproduction and childbirth occur in water. They emerge at dusk to graze on grasses. While hippopotamuses rest near each other in the water, grazing is solitary.
Greek mythology mentions many plants and flowers, [122] where for example the lotus tree bears a fruit that causes a pleasant drowsiness, [123] while moly is a magic herb mentioned by Homer in the Odyssey with a black root and white blossoms. [124] Magic plants are found, too, in Serbian mythology, where the raskovnik is supposed to be able to ...