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A lichen (/ ˈ l aɪ k ən / LIE-kən, UK also / ˈ l ɪ tʃ ən / LI-chən) is a hybrid colony of algae or cyanobacteria living symbiotically among filaments of multiple fungi species, along with yeasts and bacteria [1] [2] embedded in the cortex or "skin", in a mutualistic relationship.
In identification key reference literature, the outcome of chemical spot tests serves as a primary characteristic for determining the species of lichens. There are several other less frequently used spot tests of more limited use that are employed in specific situations, such as to distinguish between certain species.
Methods for species identification include reference to single-access keys on lichens. An example reference work is Lichens of North America (2001) by Irwin M. Brodo, Sylvia Sharnoff and Stephen Sharnoff and that book's 2016 expansion, Keys to Lichens of North America: Revised and Expanded by the same three authors joined by Susan Laurie ...
The United States, defined politically, is not a category used in the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions.In the WGSRPD, the flora of the United States is divided as follows (here adapted for use with lichen flora).
Usnea filipendula – one of about 20,000 described species of lichen. The following outline provides an overview of and topical guide to lichens.. Lichen – composite organism made up of multiple species – a fungal partner, one or more photosynthetic partners, which can be either green algae or cyanobacteria, and, in at least 52 genera of lichens, a yeast. [1]
Cetraria sepincola, the chestnut wrinkle-lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Parmeliaceae. [2] It forms compact, cushion-like colonies typically 0.5–2 cm ( 1 ⁄ 4 – 3 ⁄ 4 in) high, with a yellowish-green to dark brown upper surface and lighter underside.
The chemistry of Cladonia asahinae is a key character in identification as there are an estimated 400 species in the genus Cladonia, many of which appear morphologically similar. [5] Other lichens that are commonly found with C. asahinae include Cladonia deformis, C. cornuta, C. furcata, and C. macilenta and C. grayi.
Enchylium conglomeratum, commonly known as dotted jelly lichen, is a species of foliose lichen in the family Collemataceae. Formerly known as Collema conglomeratum , it was renamed in 2013. [ note 1 ] This lichen has a fragmented distribution across the Holarctic region , occurring in both North America and Europe .