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2. Floor and ceiling functions - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_and_ceiling_functions

   In mathematics, the floor function is the function that takes as input a real number x, and gives as output the greatest integer less than or equal to x, denoted ⌊x⌋ or floor (x). Similarly, the ceiling function maps x to the least integer greater than or equal to x, denoted ⌈x⌉ or ceil (x).

3. Calculus - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus

   In mathematics education, calculus is an abbreviation of both infinitesimal calculus and integral calculus, which denotes courses of elementary mathematical analysis. In Latin, the word calculus means “small pebble”, (the diminutive of calx, meaning "stone"), a meaning which still persists in medicine. Because such pebbles were used for ...

4. Limit (mathematics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit_(mathematics)

   In mathematics, a limit is the value that a function (or sequence) approaches as the argument (or index) approaches some value. [1] Limits of functions are essential to calculus and mathematical analysis, and are used to define continuity, derivatives, and integrals. The concept of a limit of a sequence is further generalized to the concept of ...

5. List of mathematical constants - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mathematical_constants

   A mathematical constant is a key number whose value is fixed by an unambiguous definition, often referred to by a symbol (e.g., an alphabet letter), or by mathematicians' names to facilitate using it across multiple mathematical problems. [1]

6. Quotient space (linear algebra) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient_space_(linear...

   The quotient space is then defined as , the set of all equivalence classes induced by on . Scalar multiplication and addition are defined on the equivalence classes by [2][3] for all , and. . It is not hard to check that these operations are well-defined (i.e. do not depend on the choice of representatives). These operations turn the quotient ...

7. Golden ratio - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_ratio

   The golden ratio is also an algebraic number and even an algebraic integer. It has minimal polynomial. This quadratic polynomial has two roots, and. The golden ratio is also closely related to the polynomial. which has roots and As the root of a quadratic polynomial, the golden ratio is a constructible number.

8. Norm (mathematics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(mathematics)

   Norm (mathematics) In mathematics, a norm is a function from a real or complex vector space to the non-negative real numbers that behaves in certain ways like the distance from the origin: it commutes with scaling, obeys a form of the triangle inequality, and is zero only at the origin. In particular, the Euclidean distance in a Euclidean space ...

9. e (mathematical constant) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_(mathematical_constant)

   A. 1685. Graph of the equation y = 1/x. Here, e is the unique number larger than 1 that makes the shaded area under the curve equal to 1. The number e is a mathematical constant approximately equal to 2.71828 that is the base of the natural logarithm and exponential function.