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The Principles and Standards for School Mathematics was developed by the NCTM. The NCTM's stated intent was to improve mathematics education. The contents were based on surveys of existing curriculum materials, curricula and policies from many countries, educational research publications, and government agencies such as the U.S. National Science Foundation. [3]
These principles have been discovered, tested, and applied in real-world scenarios and situations. They provide additional insight into what makes people learn most effectively. Edward Thorndike developed the first three "Laws of learning": readiness, exercise, and effect.
A teaching method is a set of principles and methods used by teachers to enable student learning.These strategies are determined partly by the subject matter to be taught, partly by the relative expertise of the learners, and partly by constraints caused by the learning environment. [1]
Backward design of curriculum typically involves three stages: [1] [2] [3] Identify the results desired (big ideas and skills) What the students should know, understand, and be able to do; Consider the goals and curriculum expectations; Focus on the "big ideas" (principles, theories, concepts, point of views, or themes)
A typical sequence of secondary-school (grades 6 to 12) courses in mathematics reads: Pre-Algebra (7th or 8th grade), Algebra I, Geometry, Algebra II, Pre-calculus, and Calculus or Statistics. However, some students enroll in integrated programs [3] while many complete high school without passing Calculus or Statistics.
Although the noun forms of the three words aim, objective and goal are often used synonymously, [1] professionals in organised education define the educational aims and objectives more narrowly and consider them to be distinct from each other: aims are concerned with purpose whereas objectives are concerned with achievement.
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Student-centered learning environments have been shown to be effective in higher education. [17] They have been defined specifically within higher education as both a mindset and a culture within a given educational institution and as a learning approach broadly related to, and supported by, constructivist theories of learning. They are ...