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Precipitation hardening, also called age hardening or particle hardening, is a heat treatment technique used to increase the yield strength of malleable materials, including most structural alloys of aluminium, magnesium, nickel, titanium, and some steels, stainless steels, and duplex stainless steel.
A Guinier–Preston zone, or GP-zone, is a fine-scale metallurgical phenomenon, involving early stage precipitation. [1] [2] GP-zones are associated with the phenomenon of age hardening, whereby room-temperature reactions continue to occur within a material through time, resulting in changing physical properties. In particular, this occurs in ...
6061 aluminium alloy (Unified Numbering System (UNS) designation A96061) is a precipitation-hardened aluminium alloy, containing magnesium and silicon as its major alloying elements. Originally called "Alloy 61S", it was developed in 1935. [ 2 ]
The addition of scandium to aluminium limits grain growth in the heat-affected zone of welded aluminium components. This has two beneficial effects: the precipitated Al 3 Sc forms smaller crystals than in other aluminium alloys, [2] and the volume of precipitate-free zones at the grain boundaries of age-hardening aluminium alloys is reduced. [2]
Examples of precipitation hardening alloys include 2000 series, 6000 series, and 7000 series aluminium alloy, as well as some superalloys and some stainless steels. Steels that harden by aging are typically referred to as maraging steels, from a combination of the term "martensite aging". [21]
The quenching is required since the material otherwise would start the precipitation already during the slow cooling. This type of precipitation results in few large particles rather than the, generally desired, profusion of small precipitates. Precipitation hardening is one of the most commonly used techniques for the hardening of metal alloys.
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Such crossover aluminium alloys can be hardened via precipitation of a chemical complex phase known as T-phase in which the radiation resistance has been proved to be superior than other hardening phases of conventional aluminium alloys.
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