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The other castes were similarly further sub-classified by 19th-century and early-20th-century ethnographers based on numerous criteria ranging from profession, endogamy or exogamy or polygamy, and a host of other factors in a manner similar to castas in Spanish colonies such as Mexico, and caste system studies in British colonies such as India.
There are 3,000 castes and 25,000 sub-castes in India, each related to a specific occupation. [12] Caste-based differences have also been practised in other regions and religions in the Indian subcontinent, like Nepalese Buddhism, [13] Christianity, Islam, Judaism and Sikhism. [14]
In India, anthropologists now more often speak of 'sub-castes' or Jatis, as the building blocks of society [rather than castes]. However, unless there is a strong element of political control or territoriality associated with such groups these too tend to disintegrate upon closer inspection as soon as essentially exogamous practices such as ...
William Crooke's Tribes and Castes of the North-western Provinces and Oudh (1896) [25] In 20th-century British India, several works included Muslim social groups in their descriptions of Indian castes. These included H. A. Rose's A Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province (1911). [26]
Today, the Lingayat community is a blend of various castes, consisting of OBC [117] [118] and SC. [119] Currently, 16 castes of Lingayats have been accorded the OBC status by the Central Government. [118] According to one of the estimates by a Lingayat politician around 7 per cent of people in Lingayat community come under SC and STs. [119]
The community, due to its size, has a great number of sub-castes, including: Yerra, Mushti, Mukti, [14] Masaram, Karine, Pakinati, Puja, Modateetta, Nallasadana, Gujarathi, Gampa, Peyya, Veyya, Kuruma and Sidda. [15] The Kannada-speaking Hanabaru or Krishna Golla are also considered to be a sub-caste. [16] [page needed]
The term Dalit is a self-applied concept for those called the "untouchables" and others that were outside of the traditional Hindu caste hierarchy. [6] [7] Economist and reformer B. R. Ambedkar (1891–1956) said that untouchability came into Indian society around 400 CE, due to the struggle for supremacy between Buddhism and Brahmanism. [8]
Both castes share a common origin with background in seafaring, trade and warfare. [5] [6] The artisans were collectively known as Navandanna by the Sinhalese and as Kammalar by the Tamils. [7] They constituted of respective endogamous castes traditionally involved as blacksmith, goldsmith, coppersmith, carpenters and stonemasons.