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In 1984 Congress passed the National Fishing Enhancement Act (NFEA) which provided the basis for artificial reef programs. [23] The NFEA spawned the National Artificial Reef Plan of 1985. This plan cleared the way for government-endorsed artificial reef projects and subsequently the Minerals Management Services' Rigs-to-Reef program. [3]
Chevron Reef, also known as Pratte's Reef, was an artificial reef constructed in 2000 in Santa Monica Bay, offshore from Dockweiler State Beach. It was the first artificial surfing reef in the United States and was the second to be built worldwide. [ 1 ]
In her 35-year career, she made some 3600 voyages and traveled more than 800,000 miles. The vessel was retired in 1981 and destined for the scrap yard. Instead, the San Diego Council of Diving Instructors and The California Department of Fish and Game requested her for an artificial reef program. Kelco donated the retired ship.
RGV Reef, a 1,650-acre artificial reef created in 2017 in the Gulf of Mexico off the coast of Texas, is being studied to assess its potential for carbon capture. [37] Another study area is located off Juehua Island in the Bohai Sea .
On January 19, 2021, NOAA issued the Final Instruction for expansion of Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary. This action protects 14 additional reefs and banks, slightly adjusts the boundaries of the sanctuary's original three banks and expands the sanctuary from 56 square miles (145 km 2) to a total of 160 square miles (415 km 2).
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In 1975, the state of California and the city of Long Beach sued the THUMS oil companies for artificially depressing oil prices. A federal jury cleared Exxon of all charges, and the other four oil companies settled out of court for "hundreds of millions of dollars". [4] A peak of 148,495 barrels per day (23,608.8 m 3 /d) were produced in 1969.
Unless otherwise stated the source is the California Department of Fish and Wildlife. [4] The list is ordered north to south with some imprecision around the San Francisco Bay and Channel Islands locations. Pyramid Point State Marine Conservation Area, Del Norte County; Point St. George Reef Offshore State Marine Conservation Area, Del Norte County