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The equator is divided into 360 degrees of longitude, so each degree at the equator represents 111,319.5 metres (365,221 ft). As one moves away from the equator towards a pole, however, one degree of longitude is multiplied by the cosine of the latitude, decreasing the distance, approaching zero at the pole.
The British National Grid sets Northing at (latitude 49 degrees North, longitude 2 degrees West) to be -100,000 meters exactly. It uses the Airy spheroid, with equatorial radius being 6377563.39603 meters and the reciprocal of the flattening being 299.3249645938 (both values being rounded); the meridian distance from the equator to 49 degrees ...
At an image width of 200 pixels, that is 0.0053 degrees per pixel. At an image width of 1000 pixels, that is 0.0011 degrees per pixel. Latitude: from North to South this map definition covers 1.0136 degrees. At an image height of 200 pixels, that is 0.0051 degrees per pixel. At an image height of 1000 pixels, that is 0.001 degrees per pixel.
Length (m): The length of the equator is close to 40 000 000 m (more precisely 40 075 014.2 m). [23] In fact, the dimensions of our planet were used by the French Academy in the original definition of the metre; [ 24 ] most dining tabletops are about 0.75 metres high; [ 25 ] a very tall human (basketball forward) is about 2 metres tall.
With this value for R the meridian length of 1 degree of latitude on the sphere is 111.2 km (69.1 statute miles) (60.0 nautical miles). The length of one minute of latitude is 1.853 km (1.151 statute miles) (1.00 nautical miles), while the length of 1 second of latitude is 30.8 m or 101 feet (see nautical mile).
Since one degree is 1 / 360 of a turn, or complete rotation, one arcminute is 1 / 21 600 of a turn. The nautical mile (nmi) was originally defined as the arc length of a minute of latitude on a spherical Earth, so the actual Earth's circumference is very near 21 600 nmi. A minute of arc is π / 10 800 of a radian.
As an approximation, the roughness length is approximately one-tenth of the height of the surface roughness elements. For example, short grass of height 0.01 meters has a roughness length of approximately 0.001 meters. Surfaces are rougher if they have more protrusions. Forests have much larger roughness lengths than tundra, for example.
where φ (°) = φ / 1° is φ expressed in degrees (and similarly for β (°)). On the ellipsoid the exact distance between parallels at φ 1 and φ 2 is m(φ 1) − m(φ 2). For WGS84 an approximate expression for the distance Δm between the two parallels at ±0.5° from the circle at latitude φ is given by