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The Open Door Policy (Chinese: 門戶開放政策) is the United States diplomatic policy established in the late 19th and early 20th century that called for a system of equal trade and investment and to guarantee the territorial integrity of Qing China.
Defining and Defending the Open Door Policy: Theodore Roosevelt and China, 1901–1909 (Lexington Books, 2015). online review; Morris, Edmund (2001), Theodore Rex, Random House, ISBN 978-0394555096; Nester, William R. Theodore Roosevelt and the Art of American Power: An American for All Time (Rowman & Littlefield, 2019). excerpt
The Open Door Policy under President McKinley and Secretary of State John Hay guided U.S. policy towards China, as they sought to keep open trade equal trade opportunities in China for all countries. Roosevelt mediated the peace that ended the Russo-Japanese War and reached the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 limiting
Uncle Sam (United States) rejects force and violence and ask "fair field and no favor"--that is, equal opportunity for all trading nations to peacefully enter the China market. This became the Open Door Policy. Editorial cartoon by William A. Rogers in Harper's Magazine November 18, 1899.
Rockhill drafted the first Open Door note, calling for equality of commercial opportunity for foreigners in China. [139] Hay formally issued his Open Door note on September 6, 1899. This was not a treaty, and did not require the approval of the Senate.
1899–1901 – Philippine–American War, commonly known as the "Philippine Insurrection". 1899 – Open Door Policy for equal trading rights inside China; accepted by Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Russia and Japan; 1900 – US forces participate in international rescue in Peking, in Boxer Rebellion
Already during the conclusion of the Boxer Protocol in 1901, some of the Western powers believed they had acted in excess and that the Protocol was too humiliating. [citation needed] As a result, U.S. Secretary of State John Hay formulated the Open Door Policy, which prevented the colonial powers from directly carving up China into de jure colonies, and guaranteed universal trade access to ...
William Woodville Rockhill (April 1, 1854 – December 8, 1914) was a United States diplomat, best known as the author of the U.S.'s Open Door Policy for China, the first American to learn to speak Tibetan, and one of the West's leading experts on the modern political history of China.