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A stem cell possesses two properties: . Self-renewal is the ability to go through numerous cycles of cell division while still maintaining its undifferentiated state. Stem cells can replicate several times and can result in the formation of two stem cells, one stem cell more differentiated than the other, or two differentiated cells.
In mesenchymal stem cell therapy, most of the cells are extracted from the adult patient's bone marrow [2] [3] Mesenchymal stem cells can be obtained via a procedure called bone marrow aspiration. A needle is inserted into the back of the patients hip bone and cells are removed to be grown under controlled in vitro conditions in a lab. Over a ...
Pluripotent adult stem cells are rare and generally small in number, but they can be found in umbilical cord blood and other tissues. [48] Bone marrow is a rich source of adult stem cells, [49] which have been used in treating several conditions including liver cirrhosis, [50] chronic limb ischemia [51] and endstage heart failure. [52]
Research using both hematopoietic adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells has provided insight into the possible mechanisms and methods of treatment for many of these ailments. [56] Fully mature human red blood cells may be generated ex vivo by hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which are precursors of red blood cells.
Thus, embryonic stem cells are likely to be easier to isolate and grow ex vivo than adult stem cells. [36] Embryonic stem cells divide more rapidly than adult stem cells, potentially making it easier to generate large numbers of cells for therapeutic means. In contrast, adult stem cell might not divide fast enough to offer immediate treatment. [36]
The most commonly used source of MSC's is bone marrow aspirate. Most of the adult bone marrow consists of blood cells in various stages of differentiation. [10] These marrow components can be divided into plasma, red blood cells, platelets, and nucleated cells. The adult stem cell fraction is present in the nucleated cells of the marrow.
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