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2. Pleading - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleading

   Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure a complaint is the first pleading in American law filed by a plaintiff which initiates a lawsuit. [1] A complaint sets forth the relevant allegations of fact that give rise to one or more legal causes of action along with a prayer for relief and sometimes a statement of damages claimed (an ad quod damnum clause).

3. Bill of particulars - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_of_Particulars

   The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure provide in rule 7(f) that "the court may direct the government to file a bill of particulars".. In U.S. state law, the bill of particulars was abolished in nearly all court systems in the 1940s and 1950s due to the widespread recognition that much of the information requested could be obtained more efficiently through the discovery process.

4. Illinois Administrative Code - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_Administrative_Code

   The Secretary of State maintains the style manual for the Illinois Administrative Code and Illinois Register on its website. [4] One notable feature of the Code and Register text is the use of italics (or, in less recently updated sections, all caps) to indicate that a particular set of words is quoting or closely summarizing statutory text; a reference to the relevant section of the Illinois ...

5. Twiqbal - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twiqbal

   While legal conclusions can provide the framework of a complaint, they must be supported by factual allegations. When there are well-pleaded factual allegations, a court should assume their veracity and then determine whether they plausibly give rise to an entitlement to relief. Our decision in Twombly illustrates the two-pronged approach.

6. Alternative pleading - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_pleading

   The United States Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(d)(2) states that "[a] party may set out 2 or more statements of a claim or defense alternatively or hypothetically, either in a single count or defense or in separate ones. If a party makes alternative statements, the pleading is sufficient if any one of them is sufficient."

7. Interpleader - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpleader

   Interpleader is a civil procedure device that allows a plaintiff or a defendant to initiate a lawsuit in order to compel two or more other parties to litigate a dispute. An interpleader action originates when the plaintiff holds property on behalf of another, but does not know to whom the property should be transferred.

8. Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisville_&_Nashville...

   Louisville & Nashville Railroad Company v. Mottley, 211 U.S. 149 (1908), was a United States Supreme Court decision that held that under the existing statutory scheme, federal question jurisdiction could not be predicated on a plaintiff's anticipation that the defendant would raise a federal statute as a defense.

9. Nolo contendere - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nolo_contendere

   A nolo contendere plea has the same immediate effects as a plea of guilty, but may have different residual effects or consequences in future actions. For instance, a conviction arising from a nolo contendere plea is subject to any and all penalties, fines, and forfeitures of a conviction from a guilty plea in the same case, and can be considered as an aggravating factor in future criminal actions.