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In graph theory, the Möbius ladder M n, for even numbers n, is formed from an n-cycle by adding edges (called "rungs") connecting opposite pairs of vertices in the cycle. It is a cubic, circulant graph, so-named because (with the exception of M 6 (the utility graph K 3,3), M n has exactly n/2 four-cycles [1] which link together by their shared edges to form a topological Möbius strip.
Möbius ladders play an important role in the theory of graph minors.The earliest result of this type is a 1937 theorem of Klaus Wagner (part of a cluster of results known as Wagner's theorem) that graphs with no K 5 minor can be formed by using clique-sum operations to combine planar graphs and the Möbius ladder M 8. [4]
In the mathematical field of graph theory, the ladder graph L n is a planar, undirected graph with 2n vertices and 3n – 2 edges. [ 1 ] The ladder graph can be obtained as the Cartesian product of two path graphs , one of which has only one edge: L n ,1 = P n × P 2 .
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The edges and vertices of these six regions form Tietze's graph, which is a dual graph on this surface for the six-vertex complete graph but cannot be drawn without crossings on a plane. Another family of graphs that can be embedded on the Möbius strip, but not on the plane, are the Möbius ladders , the boundaries of subdivisions of the ...
A logarithmic chart allows only positive values to be plotted. A square root scale chart cannot show negative values. x: the x-values as a comma-separated list, for dates and time see remark in xType and yType; y or y1, y2, …: the y-values for one or several data series, respectively. For pie charts y2 denotes the radius of the corresponding ...