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Only embryonic stem cells of the morula are totipotent: able to develop into any type of cell, including those of the placenta. Embryonic stem cells ( ESCs ) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst , an early-stage pre- implantation embryo .
Cell potency is a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types. [1] [2] The more cell types a cell can differentiate into, the greater its potency.Potency is also described as the gene activation potential within a cell, which like a continuum, begins with totipotency to designate a cell with the most differentiation potential, pluripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, and finally ...
Some stem cells form tumors after transplantation; [106] pluripotency is linked to tumor formation especially in embryonic stem cells, fetal proper stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells. Fetal proper stem cells form tumors despite multipotency. [107] Ethical concerns are also raised about the practice of using or researching embryonic stem ...
Pluripotent stem cells undergo further specialization into multipotent progenitor cells that then give rise to functional cells. Examples of stem and progenitor cells include: [citation needed] Radial glial cells (embryonic neural stem cells) that give rise to excitatory neurons in the fetal brain through the process of neurogenesis. [11] [12] [13]
Embryoid bodies (EBs) are three-dimensional aggregates formed by pluripotent stem cells. These include embryonic stem cells (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) EBs are differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into embryoid bodies comprising the three embryonic germ layers. They mimic the characteristics seen in early-stage embryos.
A stem cell line is a group of stem cells that is cultured in vitro and can be propagated indefinitely. Stem cell lines are derived from either animal or human tissues and come from one of three sources: embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, or induced pluripotent stem cells. They are commonly used in research and regenerative medicine.
Naïve pluripotent stem cells (e.g. ESC) and primed pluripotent stem cells (e.g. EpiSC) not only sustain the ability to self-renew but also maintain the capacity to differentiate. [2] Since the cell status is primed to differentiate in EpiSCs, however, one copy of the X chromosome in XX cells (female cells) in EpiSCs is silenced (XaXi).
Inside cells express high levels of Oct4 which maintains pluripotency and suppresses Cdx2. Outside cells express high levels of Cdx2 which causes TE differentiation and suppresses Oct4. Oct4: Oct4 is expressed in the ICM and participate in maintaining its pluripotency, a role that has been recapitulated in ICM derived mouse embryonic stem cells ...
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