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Viral evolution is a subfield of evolutionary biology and virology concerned with the evolution of viruses. [1] [2] Viruses have short generation times, and many—in particular RNA viruses—have relatively high mutation rates (on the order of one point mutation or more per genome per round of replication).
Viruses are an established cause of cancer in humans and other species. Viral cancers occur only in a minority of infected persons (or animals). Cancer viruses come from a range of virus families, including both RNA and DNA viruses, and so there is no single type of "oncovirus" (an obsolete term originally used for acutely transforming ...
The virus was finally isolated by Max Theiler (1899–1972) in 1932 who went on to develop a successful vaccine. [10] By 1928 enough was known about viruses to enable the publication of Filterable Viruses, a collection of essays covering all known viruses edited by Thomas Milton Rivers (1888–1962).
Based on the existing evidence, the WHO concluded that the origin of the virus was still unknown, and the Chinese government insisted that the market was not the origin. [59] [60] [61] The Chinese government has long insisted that the virus originated outside China, [53] and until June 2021 denied that live animals were traded at the Huanan ...
Viruses may even have multiple origins and different types of viruses may have evolved independently over the history of life. [52] There are different hypotheses for the origins of viruses, for instance an early viral origin from the RNA world or a later viral origin from selfish DNA. [52]
This did not come easily with the virus’s stereotypes and the fear it brought to people who did not understand how it really worked. [113] When the epidemic began gaining more attention and effect within the communities of the United States, it mostly affected gay, white males and then came the common misconception: “gay syndrome” or ...
Influenza viruses have been found in many other animals, including cattle, horses, dogs, cats, and marine mammals. Nearly all influenza A viruses are apparently descended from ancestral viruses in birds. The exception are bat influenza-like viruses, which have an uncertain origin. These bat viruses have HA and NA subtypes H17, H18, N10, and N11.
Young people with polio receiving physiotherapy in the 1950s. The social history of viruses describes the influence of viruses and viral infections on human history. Epidemics caused by viruses began when human behaviour changed during the Neolithic period, around 12,000 years ago, when humans developed more densely populated agricultural communities.