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Ataturk: An intellectual biography (2011) Kazancigil, Ali and Ergun Özbudun. Ataturk: Founder of a Modern State (1982) 243pp; Ward, Robert, and Dankwart Rustow, eds. Political Modernization in Japan and Turkey (1964). Yavuz, M. Hakan. Islamic Political Identity in Turkey (2003) Zurcher, Erik. Turkey: A Modern History (2004)
Turkish War of Independence; Part of the Revolutions of 1917–1923 in the aftermath of World War I: Clockwise from top left: Delegation gathered in Sivas Congress to determine the objectives of the Turkish National Movement; Turkish civilians carrying ammunition to the front; Kuva-yi Milliye infantry; Turkish horse cavalry in chase; Turkish Army's capture of Smyrna; troops in Ankara's Ulus ...
A British cartoon of 1923 satirising Atatürk's rule in Turkey. The Conference of Lausanne began on 21 November 1922. Turkey, represented by İsmet İnönü of the GNA, refused any proposal that would compromise Turkish sovereignty, [100] such as the control of Turkish finances, the Capitulations, the Straits and other issues.
By August 1944, the Axis was clearly losing the war and Turkey broke off relations. Only in February 1945, Turkey declared war on Germany and Japan, a symbolic move that allowed Turkey to join the future United Nations. [29] On 24 October 1945 Turkey signed the United Nations Charter as one of the fifty-one original members. [29]
The Turkish War of Independence forced the Western European powers to return to the negotiating table before the treaty could be ratified. The Western Europeans and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey signed and ratified the new Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, superseding the Treaty of Sèvres and agreeing on most of the territorial issues.
On 23 February 1945, when the defeat of the Axis seemed inevitable, the Turkish government declared war on Germany and on the Empire of Japan. It thereby qualified for membership of the fledgling United Nations. However, the war declaration was merely symbolic as Turkish forces did not take part in any action during the war.
Post-war Turkey has been largely defined by its agricultural society, which includes many landlords and merchants. The control of people in the Turkish economy is quite evident from 1923 to the 1930s, but they still managed, through foreign joint investment, to establish a state economic enterprise.
Proclamation of the Republic of Turkey. 29 October Elected first president. 1928 9 August Speaks at Sarayburnu about the new Turkish alphabet. 1932 12 July Founds the Turkish Linguistic Society (now the Turkish Language Association). [2] 1934 16 June The Grand National Assembly of Turkey passes a law granting him the surname "ATATÜRK". 1938 10 ...