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0-30% 40-50% 60-70% 80+% Effacement translates to how 'thin' the cervix is. The cervix is normally approximately three centimetres long, as it prepares for labour and labour continues the cervix will efface until it is 'fully effaced' (paper-thin). Cervical dilation: Closed 1–2 cm 3–4 cm 5+cm Dilation is a measure of how open the cervical ...
Multiple gestation: being pregnant with two or more fetuses at one time [8] Having had episodes of bleeding anytime during the pregnancy [8] Invasive procedures (e.g. amniocentesis) [9] Nutritional deficits [10] Cervical insufficiency: having a short or prematurely dilated cervix during pregnancy [9] Low socioeconomic status [10] Being ...
The highest rate of uterine perforation appears to be in the setting of postpartum hemorrhage (5.1%) compared with a lower rate in diagnostic curettage in non-pregnant patients (0.3% in the premenopausal patient and 2.6% in the postmenopausal patient). [17] Perforation may cause excessive bleeding or damage to organs outside the uterus.
When the presenting part is at the ischial spines the station is 0 (synonymous with engagement). If the presenting fetal part is above the spines, the distance is measured and described as minus stations, which range from −1 to −4 cm. If the presenting part is below the ischial spines, the distance is stated as plus stations ( +1 to +4 cm).
Nutritionally, pregnant women require a caloric increase of 350 kcal/day and an increase in protein to 70 or 75 g/day. [citation needed] There is also an increased folate requirement from 0.4 to 0.8 mg/day (important in preventing neural tube defects). On average, a weight gain of 20 to 30 lb (9.1 to 13.6 kg) is experienced. [citation needed]
In cases of pregnancy of unknown location and a history of heavy bleeding, it has been estimated that approximately 6% have an underlying ectopic pregnancy. [5] Between 30% and 47% of women with pregnancy of unknown location are ultimately diagnosed with an ongoing intrauterine pregnancy, whereof the majority (50–70%) will be found to have ...
Leg cramps – Leg cramps (involuntary spasms of the calf muscles) can affect between 30% and 50% of pregnant women and most commonly occur in the last three months of pregnancy. [19] Leg cramps typically last only for a few seconds, however they can be extremely painful and last for minutes. [ 20 ]
In particular, hydrosalpinx is found in 10-30% of couples with infertility; actually, this condition may impair fertility and IVF outcomes. [5] With the advent of IVF which bypasses the need for tubal function a more successful treatment approach has become available for women who want to conceive. IVF has now become the major treatment for ...
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