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In addition, the grey matter volume on the amygdala is predicted by testosterone levels, which may also contribute to the increased mass of the male amygdala. There are observable developmental differences between the right and left amygdala. The left amygdala reaches its developmental peak approximately 1.5–2 years prior to the right amygdala.
Testosterone levels have been shown to decrease with the onset of parenthood. Fathers experience large declines in both waking and evening levels of testosterone in comparison to nonfathers. [ 8 ] Childcare has been shown to correlate with declining levels of testosterone, with more time spent with the child corresponding to a greater decline ...
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and androgen in males. [3] In humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testicles and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair.
Schematic of the HPA axis (CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone; ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone) Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis or HTPA axis) is a complex set of direct influences and feedback interactions among three components: the hypothalamus (a part of the brain located below the thalamus), the pituitary gland (a ...
Being exposed to crying babies activates the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala in both fathers and mothers, but not in non-parents. [65] [66] The level of testosterone in the paternal brain correlates with the effectiveness of the father's response to the baby's cry. [61]
Sleep and testosterone have a cyclical relationship. While lack of sleep affects testosterone production, research shows that low testosterone can affect sleep quality. Testosterone replacement ...
Testosterone levels have been shown to relate to prosocial behavior. [11] This helps create synaptogenesis by promoting neurite development and migration. Activin promotes neural plasticity throughout the lifespan and regulates the neurotransmitters of peripheral neurons. Environment can also affect hormones and behavior interaction. [12]
Reduction of the size of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis has been observed in pedophilic male perpetrators, in addition to reductions in the right amygdala, hypothalamus and abnormalities in related structures. The authors propose that childhood deficits in the BNST and medial amygdala may cause inhibition of sexual maturity. [15]
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