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Edema (American English), also spelled oedema (British English), and also known as fluid retention, dropsy and hydropsy, is the build-up of fluid in the body's tissue, [1] a type of swelling. [4] Most commonly, the legs or arms are affected. [1] Symptoms may include skin that feels tight, the area feeling heavy, and joint stiffness. [1]
Damage to the kidneys may give rise to decreased or absent urine production, usually 12 to 24 hours after the initial muscle damage. [3] [4] Swelling of damaged muscle occasionally leads to compartment syndrome—compression of surrounding tissues, such as nerves and blood vessels, in the same fascial compartment—leading to the loss of blood ...
Directly relax the muscle in the walls of the blood vessels (especially the arterioles), allowing the vessel to dilate (widen). [47] hydralazine; minoxidil; Hydralazine may cause headaches, swelling around the eyes, heart palpitations or aches and pains in the joints. In clinical setting, hydralazine is not usually used alone. [47]
However, the swelling increases the intracellular pressure beyond normal limits. As the pressure builds in the muscle tissue, the surrounding tissue is crushed against the underlying tissue and bone. [14] This is known as compartment syndrome which leads to greater death of the surrounding muscle tissue around the injury. [14]
Diabetic neuropathy, Neuropathies in diabetes may cause sensory, mononeuritis, and autonomic neuropathy symptoms, muscle weakness, and potentially life-threatening complications like diabetic foot syndrome (Diabetic amyotrophy) and myocardial infarctions. Intensive insulin therapy is recommended to reduce neuropathy risk, while oral ...
Anaerobic products accumulate in the muscle cells, which develop acidosis and osmotic load leading to cellular edema. Intracellular Ca2+ increases and eventually leads to cell necrosis. Arterial flow must be restored to return to aerobic metabolism and prevent necrosis of the affected muscle cells, but this also causes further damage by ...
Extracellular fluid is the internal environment of all multicellular animals, and in those animals with a blood circulatory system, a proportion of this fluid is blood plasma. [4] Plasma and interstitial fluid are the two components that make up at least 97% of the ECF. Lymph makes up a small percentage of the interstitial fluid. [5]
Muscle contraction is dependent on a 100- to 10,000-times-higher-than-resting intracellular Ca 2+ concentration, which is caused by Ca 2+ release from the muscle cells' sarcoplasmic reticulum. Immediately after muscle contraction, intracellular Ca 2+ is quickly returned to its normal concentration by a carrier enzyme in the plasma membrane, and ...
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