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Left atrial enlargement can be mild, moderate or severe depending on the extent of the underlying condition. Although other factors may contribute, left atrium size has been found to be a predictor of mortality due to both cardiovascular issues as well as all-cause mortality.
The left atrial volume is commonly measured by echocardiography or magnetic resonance tomography.It is calculated from biplane recordings with the equation: = where A4c and A2c denote LA areas in 4- and 2-chamber views respectively, and L corresponds to the shortest long-axis length measured in either views.
The mitral valve (/ ˈ m aɪ t r ə l / MY-trəl), also known as the bicuspid valve or left atrioventricular valve, is one of the four heart valves. It has two cusps or flaps and lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle of the heart. The heart valves are all one-way valves allowing blood flow in just one direction.
High in the upper part of the left atrium is a muscular ear-shaped pouch – the left atrial appendage (LAA) (lat: auricula atrii sinistra), which has a tubular trabeculated structure. [9] LAA anatomy as seen in a CT scan is characterized as being in one of four groups: chicken wing (48%), cactus (30%), windsock (19%), and cauliflower(3%).
A Wiggers diagram modified from [1]. A Wiggers diagram, named after its developer, Carl Wiggers, is a unique diagram that has been used in teaching cardiac physiology for more than a century.
Modalities applied to measurement of ejection fraction is an emerging field of medical mathematics and subsequent computational applications. The first common measurement method is echocardiography, [7] [8] although cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), [8] [9] cardiac computed tomography, [8] [9] ventriculography and nuclear medicine (gated SPECT and radionuclide angiography) [8] [10 ...
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The other division of the circulatory system is the systemic circulation that begins with receiving the oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circulation into the left atrium. From the atrium the oxygenated blood enters the left ventricle where it is pumped out to the rest of the body, returning as deoxygenated blood back to the pulmonary ...