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Adding 4 hours to 9 o'clock gives 1 o'clock, since 13 is congruent to 1 modulo 12. In mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic for integers, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called the modulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his book Disquisitiones ...
Given two positive numbers a and n, a modulo n (often abbreviated as a mod n) is the remainder of the Euclidean division of a by n, where a is the dividend and n is the divisor. [ 1 ] For example, the expression "5 mod 2" evaluates to 1, because 5 divided by 2 has a quotient of 2 and a remainder of 1, while "9 mod 3" would evaluate to 0 ...
Two's complement is the most common method of representing signed (positive, negative, and zero) integers on computers, [1] and more generally, fixed point binary values. Two's complement uses the binary digit with the greatest value as the sign to indicate whether the binary number is positive or negative; when the most significant bit is 1 the number is signed as negative and when the most ...
The smaller numbers, for use when subtracting, are the nines' complement of the larger numbers, which are used when adding. In mathematics and computing, the method of complements is a technique to encode a symmetric range of positive and negative integers in a way that they can use the same algorithm (or mechanism) for addition throughout the ...
Mathematics of cyclic redundancy checks. The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is based on division in the ring of polynomials over the finite field GF (2) (the integers modulo 2), that is, the set of polynomials where each coefficient is either zero or one, and arithmetic operations wrap around. Any string of bits can be interpreted as the ...
Additive inverse. In mathematics, the additive inverse of an element x, denoted -x[1], is the element that when added to x, yields the additive identity, 0 [2]. In the most familiar cases, this is the number 0, but it can also refer to a more generalized zero element. In elementary mathematics, the additive inverse is often referred to as the ...
The cyclic binary code is also known as the cyclic progression code, the reflected binary code, and the Gray code. This code was originated by G. R. Stibitz, of Bell Telephone Laboratories, and was first proposed for pulse-code modulation systems by Frank Gray, also of BTL. Thus the name Gray code.
Hamming (7,4) In coding theory, Hamming (7,4) is a linear error-correcting code that encodes four bits of data into seven bits by adding three parity bits. It is a member of a larger family of Hamming codes, but the term Hamming code often refers to this specific code that Richard W. Hamming introduced in 1950.