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  2. Reverse osmosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_osmosis

    Up to 50% of the seawater input can be recovered as fresh water, though lower recovery rates may reduce membrane fouling and energy consumption. Brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) is the desalination of water with less salt than seawater, usually from river estuaries or saline wells.

  3. Membrane scaling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_scaling

    The ratio of permeate water to feedwater is known as recovery which is directly related to membrane scaling. Recovery needs to be as high as possible in RO installations to minimize specific energy consumption. However, at high recovery rates, the concentration of sparingly soluble salts in the concentrate can increase dramatically.

  4. Dual Work Exchanger Energy Recovery - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_Work_Exchanger_Energy...

    The Dual Work Exchanger Energy Recovery (DWEER) is an energy recovery device. In the 1990s developed by DWEER Bermuda and licensed by Calder AG [1] for use in the Caribbean. Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) needs high pressure and some of the reject stream can be reused by using this device. According to Calder AG, 97% of the energy in the ...

  5. Pressure exchanger - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_exchanger

    By means of the application of a pressure exchange system, which is already used in other domains, a considerably higher efficiency of energy recovery of reverse osmosis systems may be achieved than with the use of reverse running pumps or turbines. The pressure exchange system is suited, above all, for bigger plants i.e. approx. ≥ 2000 m3/d ...

  6. Thin-film composite membrane - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin-film_composite_membrane

    TFC membranes for water treatment are commonly classified as nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) membranes. Both types are typically made out of a thin polyamide layer (<200 nm) deposited on top of a polyethersulfone or polysulfone porous layer (about 50 microns) on top of a non-woven fabric support sheet. The three layer configuration ...

  7. Membrane fouling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_fouling

    Fouling of a membrane in different steps 1–5. 1) virgin membrane 2) pore narrowing 3) pore blocking 4) cake layer formation 5) cleaned membrane Membrane fouling is a process whereby a solution or a particle is deposited on a membrane surface or in membrane pores in a processes such as in a membrane bioreactor, [1] reverse osmosis, [2] forward osmosis, [3] membrane distillation, [4 ...

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