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The name boson was coined by Paul Dirac [3] [4] to commemorate the contribution of Satyendra Nath Bose, an Indian physicist. When Bose was a reader (later professor) at the University of Dhaka, Bengal (now in Bangladesh), [5] [6] he and Albert Einstein developed the theory characterising such particles, now known as Bose–Einstein statistics and Bose–Einstein condensate.
For example, at low temperatures, fermions show superfluidity for uncharged particles and superconductivity for charged particles. Composite fermions, such as protons and neutrons, are the key building blocks of everyday matter. English theoretical physicist Paul Dirac coined the name fermion from the surname of Italian physicist Enrico Fermi. [2]
Bosons are one of the two fundamental particles having integral spinclasses of particles, the other being fermions. Bosons are characterized by Bose–Einstein statistics and all have integer spins. Bosons may be either elementary, like photons and gluons, or composite, like mesons. According to the Standard Model, the elementary bosons are:
All elementary particles are either bosons or fermions. These classes are distinguished by their quantum statistics: fermions obey Fermi–Dirac statistics and bosons obey Bose–Einstein statistics. [1] Their spin is differentiated via the spin–statistics theorem: it is half-integer for fermions, and integer for bosons.
There are two main categories of identical particles: bosons, which can share quantum states, and fermions, which cannot (as described by the Pauli exclusion principle). Examples of bosons are photons, gluons, phonons, helium-4 nuclei and all mesons. Examples of fermions are electrons, neutrinos, quarks, protons, neutrons, and helium-3 nuclei.
When considering extensions of the Standard Model, the s-prefix from sparticle is used to form names of superpartners of the Standard Model fermions , [3] e.g. the stop squark. The superpartners of Standard Model bosons have an -ino (bosinos) [3] appended to their name, e.g. gluino, the set of all gauge superpartners are called the gauginos.
After more than 70 years, King Charles has officially ascended the British throne. But what does this mean for his sister and his two brothers? King Charles’s siblings have spent their lives in ...
The generators of SU(2) and U(1) are given the name weak isospin (labeled T) and weak hypercharge (labeled Y) respectively. These then give rise to the gauge bosons that mediate the electroweak interactions – the three W bosons of weak isospin ( W 1 , W 2 , and W 3 ), and the B boson of weak hypercharge, respectively, all of which are ...