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Photon counting eliminates gain noise, where the proportionality constant between analog signal out and number of photons varies randomly. Thus, the excess noise factor of a photon-counting detector is unity, and the achievable signal-to-noise ratio for a fixed number of photons is generally higher than the same detector without photon counting.
Image noise is random variation of brightness or color information in images, and is usually an aspect of electronic noise. It can be produced by the image sensor and circuitry of a scanner or digital camera. Image noise can also originate in film grain and in the unavoidable shot noise of an ideal photon detector. Image noise is an undesirable ...
Photon noise is the randomness [citation needed] in signal associated with photons arriving at a detector. For a simple black body emitting on an absorber, the noise-equivalent power is given by N E P 2 = 2 h 2 ν 2 Δ ν ( n η + n 2 ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {NEP} ^{2}=2h^{2}\nu ^{2}\Delta \nu \left({\frac {n}{\eta }}+n^{2}\right)}
Shot noise or Poisson noise is a type of noise which can be modeled by a Poisson process. In electronics shot noise originates from the discrete nature of electric charge . Shot noise also occurs in photon counting in optical devices, where shot noise is associated with the particle nature of light.
Noise-equivalent power (NEP) is a measure of the sensitivity of a photodetector or detector system. It is defined as the signal power that gives a signal-to-noise ratio of one in a one hertz output bandwidth. [1] An output bandwidth of one hertz is equivalent to half a second of integration time. [2] The units of NEP are watts per square root ...
ISO 15739:2003, Photography – Electronic still-picture imaging – Noise measurements: specifies methods for measuring and reporting the noise versus signal level and dynamic range of electronic still-picture cameras. It applies to both monochrome and colour electronic still-picture cameras.
Due to the exponential reduction of ballistic photons as thickness of the scattering medium increases, the images often have a low number of photons per pixel, resulting in shot noise. Digital image processing and noise reduction are often applied to reduce that noise.
Photon statistics is the theoretical and experimental study of the statistical distributions produced in photon counting experiments, which use photodetectors to analyze the intrinsic statistical nature of photons in a light source.
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