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The presence of bright red blood in stool, known as hematochezia, typically indicates lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Digested blood from the upper gastrointestinal tract may appear black rather than red, resulting in "coffee ground" vomit or melena. [2] Other signs and symptoms include feeling tired, dizziness, and pale skin color. [18]
The test was developed by Leonard Apt (1922–2013), [3] an American pediatric ophthalmologist. The test was originally used to identify the source of bloody stools in newborn infants. It has been modified to distinguish fetal from maternal hemoglobin in blood samples from any source. [4]
Most children who receive expert hospital care survive. [7] Knowledge of this newly described syndrome is evolving rapidly. [21] Its clinical features may appear somewhat similar to Kawasaki disease, a rare disease of unknown origin that typically affects young children, in which blood vessels become inflamed throughout the body. [15]
Common symptoms of ketosis are anorexia, abdominal discomfort, and nausea, sometimes progressing to vomiting. [7] However, the diagnosis of ketotic hypoglycemia poses a challenge to clinicians, given how nonspecific symptoms can be and given that children in this age range are typically unable to describe their symptoms. [2]
Symptoms include projectile vomiting without the presence of bile. [1] This most often occurs after the baby is fed. [1] The typical age that symptoms become obvious is two to twelve weeks old. [1] The cause of pyloric stenosis is unclear. [2] Risk factors in babies include birth by cesarean section, preterm birth, bottle feeding, and being ...
Recovery phase is typically the phase where vomiting ceases, nausea diminishes or is absent, and appetite returns. "Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) is a rare abnormality of the neuroendocrine system that affects 2% of children." [1] This disorder is thought to be closely related to migraines and family history of migraines. [2] [3]
Hematemesis is the vomiting of blood. [1] This is usually vomit that contains bright red blood. [2] Coffee ground vomiting is similar to hematemesis, but is distinct in not involving bright red blood. [3] Hematemesis must be differentiated from hemoptysis (coughing up blood) and epistaxis (nosebleed). [4] Both of these are more common conditions.
The symptoms are generally attributable to the underlying cause, but may include nausea, vomiting, shortness of breath, and generalised weakness. The diagnosis is made on biochemical analysis of blood (often initially on arterial blood gas samples), and once confirmed, generally prompts an investigation to establish the underlying cause to ...