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Neonatal bowel obstruction (NBO) or neonatal intestinal obstruction is the most common surgical emergency in the neonatal period. [1] It may occur due to a variety of conditions and has an excellent outcome based on timely diagnosis and appropriate intervention. [2]
[2] [5] Either the small bowel or large bowel may be affected. [1] Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain , vomiting , bloating and not passing gas . [ 1 ] Mechanical obstruction is the cause of about 5 to 15% of cases of severe abdominal pain of sudden onset requiring admission to hospital.
This has a cost of about 2 to 3 cents per person per treatment. [1] This is known as mass drug administration and is often carried out among school-age children. [ 32 ] For this purpose, broad-spectrum benzimidazoles such as mebendazole and albendazole are the drugs of choice recommended by WHO .
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that at least 23,000 to 75,000 SSO events occur in the United States each year. [1] EPA estimated that upgrading every municipal treatment and collection system to reduce the frequency of overflow events to no more than once every five years would cost about $88 billion as of 2004. [2]
The complementary items either require additional infrastructure such as specially trained health care providers or diagnostic equipment or have a lower cost–benefit ratio. [4] The first list for children was created in 2007, and the list is in its 9th edition as of 2023. [4] [5] [6] [7]
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Airway obstruction is a blockage of respiration in the airway that hinders the free flow of air. Airway obstructions can occur either in the upper airway or lower airway. The upper airway consists of the nose, throat, and larynx. The lower airway comprises the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles. [1] [page needed]
[1] [2] The aqueduct of Sylvius is the channel which connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle and is the narrowest part of the CSF pathway with a mean cross-sectional area of 0.5 mm 2 in children and 0.8 mm 2 in adults. [3] Because of its small size, the aqueduct is the most likely place for a blockage of CSF in the ventricular system.