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In linear algebra, the Frobenius normal form or rational canonical form of a square matrix A with entries in a field F is a canonical form for matrices obtained by conjugation by invertible matrices over F. The form reflects a minimal decomposition of the vector space into subspaces that are cyclic for A (i.e., spanned by some vector and its ...
Sometimes other equivalent versions of the test are used. In cases 1 and 2, the requirement that f xx f yy − f xy 2 is positive at (x, y) implies that f xx and f yy have the same sign there. Therefore, the second condition, that f xx be greater (or less) than zero, could equivalently be that f yy or tr(H) = f xx + f yy be greater (or less ...
Nevertheless, these solutions still have enough structure that they may be completely described. The first observation is that, even if f 1 and f 2 are two different solutions, the level surfaces of f 1 and f 2 must overlap. In fact, the level surfaces for this system are all planes in R 3 of the form x − y + z = C, for C a constant. The ...
In algebra, Zariski's lemma, proved by Oscar Zariski (), states that, if a field K is finitely generated as an associative algebra over another field k, then K is a finite field extension of k (that is, it is also finitely generated as a vector space).
The form is pulled back to the submanifold, where the integral is defined using charts as before. For example, given a path γ(t) : [0, 1] → R 2, integrating a 1-form on the path is simply pulling back the form to a form f(t) dt on [0, 1], and this integral is the integral of the function f(t) on the interval.
FORM was started in 1984 as a successor to Schoonschip, an algebra engine developed by M. Veltman. It was initially coded in FORTRAN 77, but rewritten in C before the release of version 1.0 in 1989. Version 2.0 was released in 1991. The version 3.0 of FORM has been publicized in 2000.
In abstract algebra and multilinear algebra, a multilinear form on a vector space over a field is a map: that is separately -linear in each of its arguments. [1] More generally, one can define multilinear forms on a module over a commutative ring.
For an exact form α, α = dβ for some differential form β of degree one less than that of α. The form β is called a "potential form" or "primitive" for α. Since the exterior derivative of a closed form is zero, β is not unique, but can be modified by the addition of any closed form of degree one less than that of α.