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The PDF format is widely accepted and is considered the de facto standard for printable documents on the web. This means that users do not require the any proprietary plug-in to read geospatial PDFs created following the PDF 1.7 specification, which was published as ISO 32000-1 standard . [ 3 ]
Geospatial metadata (also geographic metadata) is a type of metadata applicable to geographic data and information.Such objects may be stored in a geographic information system (GIS) or may simply be documents, data-sets, images or other objects, services, or related items that exist in some other native environment but whose features may be appropriate to describe in a (geographic) metadata ...
Geospatial Information Agency (Indonesian: Badan Informasi Geospasial, abbreviation: BIG) is the national mapping agency of Indonesia. BIG was formerly named National Coordinator for Survey and Mapping Agency (Indonesian: Badan Koordinasi Survei dan Pemetaan Nasional, abbreviation: Bakosurtanal).
Geovisualization is closely related to other visualization fields, such as scientific visualization [1] and information visualization. [2] Owing to its roots in cartography, geovisualization contributes to these other fields by way of the map metaphor, which "has been widely used to visualize non-geographic information in the domains of information visualization and domain knowledge ...
A spatial index is used by a spatial database to optimize spatial queries.Database systems use indices to quickly look up values by sorting data values in a linear (e.g. alphabetical) order; however, this way of indexing data is not optimal for spatial queries in two- or three-dimensional space.
Information science [1] [2] [3] is an academic field which is primarily concerned with analysis, collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval, movement, dissemination, and protection of information. [4]
The first independent undergraduate degree in surveying was established in 1957 in the UNSW School of Civil Engineering. Significant growth in the field led in 1970 to the establishment of an independent School of Surveying under founding Professor Peter Angus-Leppan.