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The biological model of abnormality (the only model not based on psychological principles) is based on the assumptions that if the brain, neuroanatomy and related biochemicals are all physical entities and work together to mediate psychological processes, then treating any mental abnormality must be physical/biological.
Behavioral contrast refers to a change in the strength of one response that occurs when the rate of reward of a second response, or of the first response under different conditions, is changed. For example, suppose that a pigeon in an operant chamber pecks a key for food reward.
The Crespi effect is a behavioural contrast phenomenon observed in classical conditioning in which a conditioned response changes disproportionately to a suddenly changed reinforcement. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It was first observed in rats by American psychologist Leo P. Crespi in 1942.
A contrast effect is the enhancement or diminishment, relative to normal, of perception, cognition or related performance as a result of successive (immediately previous) or simultaneous exposure to a stimulus of lesser or greater value in the same dimension. (Here, normal perception, cognition or performance is that which would be obtained in ...
Health psychology is a discipline that understands the psychological, behavioral, and cultural aspects that affect the physical health and illnesses within individuals. A psychologists with the focus of health psychology would have a biopsychosocial model approach with patients.
The A- and B-processes are consequently and temporarily linked but were believed to depend on different neurobiological mechanisms. [4] B-process, the other part of opponent-process theory, occurs after the initial shock, or emotion and is evoked after a short delay. [4]
In contrast, diagnostic countertransference refers to the therapist's reactions that provide insights into the patient's psychological state. This distinction highlights the dual nature of countertransference: it can stem from the therapist's personal experiences or be a response to the patient's behavior and psychological needs.
The treatment of immediate hypersensitivity reactions includes the management of anaphylaxis with intramuscular adrenaline (epinephrine), oxygen, intravenous (IV) antihistamine, support blood pressure with IV fluids, avoid latex gloves and equipment in patients who are allergic, and surgical procedures such as tracheotomy if there is severe ...