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  2. Privilege escalation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privilege_escalation

    In computer security, jailbreaking is defined as the act of removing limitations that a vendor attempted to hard-code into its software or services. [2] A common example is the use of toolsets to break out of a chroot or jail in UNIX-like operating systems [3] or bypassing digital rights management (DRM).

  3. Protection ring - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection_ring

    Supervisor mode is "an execution mode on some processors which enables execution of all instructions, including privileged instructions. It may also give access to a different address space, to memory management hardware and to other peripherals. This is the mode in which the operating system usually runs." [12]

  4. Supervisor Mode Access Prevention - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supervisor_mode_access...

    Without Supervisor Mode Access Prevention, supervisor code usually has full read and write access to user-space memory mappings (or has the ability to obtain full access). This has led to the development of several security exploits, including privilege escalation exploits, which operate by causing the kernel to access user-space memory when it ...

  5. NX bit - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NX_bit

    In ARMv6, a new page table entry format was introduced; it includes an "execute never" bit. [1] For ARMv8-A, VMSAv8-64 block and page descriptors, and VMSAv8-32 long-descriptor block and page descriptors, for stage 1 translations have "execute never" bits for both privileged and unprivileged modes, and block and page descriptors for stage 2 translations have a single "execute never" bit (two ...

  6. CPU modes - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_modes

    Several computer systems introduced in the 1960s, such as the IBM System/360, DEC PDP-6/PDP-10, the GE-600/Honeywell 6000 series, and the Burroughs B5000 series and B6500 series, support two CPU modes; a mode that grants full privileges to code running in that mode, and a mode that prevents direct access to input/output devices and some other hardware facilities to code running in that mode.

  7. Control-flow integrity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control-flow_integrity

    Use a function call with a different number of arguments than the call is designed for, causing a stack misalignment, and code execution after the function returns (patched in Windows 10). [ 27 ] Use a function call with the same number of arguments, but one of pointers passed is treated as an object and writes to a pointer-based offset ...

  8. Trusted execution environment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_execution_environment

    [1] [2] [3] A TEE as an isolated execution environment provides security features such as isolated execution, integrity of applications executing with the TEE, and confidentiality of their assets. In general terms, the TEE offers an execution space that provides a higher level of security for trusted applications running on the device than a ...

  9. Code Access Security - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Access_Security

    A policy is a set of expressions that uses evidence to determine a code group membership. A code group gives a permission set for the assemblies within that group. There are four policies in .NET: Enterprise: policy for a family of machines that are part of an Active Directory installation. Machine: policy for the current machine.