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In 1840, Liouville published a proof of the fact that e 2 is irrational [10] followed by a proof that e 2 is not a root of a second-degree polynomial with rational coefficients. [11] This last fact implies that e 4 is irrational. His proofs are similar to Fourier's proof of the irrationality of e.
Dov Jarden gave a simple non-constructive proof that there exist two irrational numbers a and b, such that a b is rational: [28] [29] Consider √ 2 √ 2; if this is rational, then take a = b = √ 2. Otherwise, take a to be the irrational number √ 2 √ 2 and b = √ 2. Then a b = (√ 2 √ 2) √ 2 = √ 2 √ 2 · √ 2 = √ 2 2 = 2 ...
Thus a real number that may be better approximated than the bound for algebraic numbers is certainly a transcendental number. This knowledge enabled Liouville, in 1844, to produce the first explicit transcendental number. Later, the proofs that π and e are transcendental were obtained by a similar method.
In mathematics, an irrational number is any real number that is not a rational number, i.e., one that cannot be written as a fraction a / b with a and b integers and b not zero. This is also known as being incommensurable, or without common measure. The irrational numbers are precisely those numbers whose expansion in any given base (decimal ...
Rational numbers have irrationality exponent 1, while (as a consequence of Dirichlet's approximation theorem) every irrational number has irrationality exponent at least 2. On the other hand, an application of Borel-Cantelli lemma shows that almost all numbers, including all algebraic irrational numbers , have an irrationality exponent exactly ...
The following famous example of a nonconstructive proof shows that there exist two irrational numbers a and b such that is a rational number. This proof uses that 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}} is irrational (an easy proof is known since Euclid ), but not that 2 2 {\displaystyle {\sqrt {2}}^{\sqrt {2}}} is irrational (this is true, but the proof ...
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