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In particle physics, spin polarization is the degree to which the spin, i.e., the intrinsic angular momentum of elementary particles, is aligned with a given direction. [1] This property may pertain to the spin, hence to the magnetic moment , of conduction electrons in ferromagnetic metals, such as iron , giving rise to spin-polarized currents .
Spin is an intrinsic form of angular momentum carried by elementary particles, and thus by composite particles such as hadrons, atomic nuclei, and atoms. [1] [2]: 183–184 Spin is quantized, and accurate models for the interaction with spin require relativistic quantum mechanics or quantum field theory.
The nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) is the transfer of nuclear spin polarization from one population of spin-active nuclei (e.g. 1 H, 13 C, 15 N etc.) to another via cross-relaxation.
An alternative approach is to use hyperpolarization techniques, which are chemical and physical methods to generate nuclear spin polarization. Examples include parahydrogen-induced polarization, spin-exchange optical pumping of noble gas atoms, dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization, and chemically-induced dynamic nuclear polarization.
Spintronics emerged from discoveries in the 1980s concerning spin-dependent electron transport phenomena in solid-state devices. This includes the observation of spin-polarized electron injection from a ferromagnetic metal to a normal metal by Johnson and Silsbee (1985) [5] and the discovery of giant magnetoresistance independently by Albert Fert et al. [6] and Peter Grünberg et al. (1988). [7]
Polarization is a manifestation of the spin angular momentum of light. More specifically, in quantum mechanics, the direction of spin of a photon is tied to the handedness of the circularly polarized light, and the spin of a beam of photons is similar to the spin of a beam of particles, such as electrons. [17]
The altermagnetic spin polarisation alternates in wavevector space and forms characteristic 2, 4, or 6 spin-degenerate nodes, respectively, which correspond to d-, g, or i-wave order parameters. [7] A d -wave altermagnet can be regarded as the magnetic counterpart of a d -wave superconductor .
The nuclear spin polarization of 129 Xe or in generally for noble gases we can increase up to fivefold via SEOP technique. [3] Using SEOP hyperpolarization technique, we can get images of uptake of xenon in the human brain tissue. [32] Figure 10. Measurements of the Polarization of 129 Xe(g) in presence of low and intermediate magnetic fields ...