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The Avogadro constant, commonly denoted N A [1] or L, [2] is an SI defining constant with an exact value of 6.022 140 76 × 10 23 mol −1 (reciprocal moles). [3] [4] It is this defined number of constituent particles (usually molecules, atoms, ions, or ion pairs—in general, entities) per mole and used as a normalization factor in relating the amount of substance, n(X), in a sample of a ...
fold.it download page Archived 2011-04-04 at the Wayback Machine: FoldX: I Yes Yes No No No No No No Energy calculations, protein design Proprietary, commercial or gratis CRG: GROMACS: No No Yes Yes No [2] Yes I Yes [3] Yes High performance MD Free open source GNU GPL: gromacs.org: GROMOS: No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Intended for biomolecules
The van der Waals equation of state may be written as (+) =where is the absolute temperature, is the pressure, is the molar volume and is the universal gas constant.Note that = /, where is the volume, and = /, where is the number of moles, is the number of particles, and is the Avogadro constant.
If V is the molar volume and T c the critical temperature of a liquid the surface tension γ is given by [1] / = where k is a constant valid for all liquids, with a value of 2.1×10 −7 J/(K·mol 2/3).
Therefore, the kinetic energy per kelvin of one mole of monatomic ideal gas (D = 3) is = =, where is the Avogadro constant, and R is the ideal gas constant. Thus, the ratio of the kinetic energy to the absolute temperature of an ideal monatomic gas can be calculated easily:
Space-filling model of loratadine created using Avogadro. Molecule builder-editor for Windows, Linux, Unix, and macOS. All source code is licensed under the GNU General Public License (GPL) version 2. Supported languages include: Chinese, English, French, German, Italian, Russian, Spanish, and Polish. Supports multi-threaded rendering and ...
The number of molecules per mole in a substance is given by the Avogadro constant, exactly 6.022 140 76 × 10 23 mol −1 since the 2019 revision of the SI. Thus, to calculate the stoichiometry by mass, the number of molecules required for each reactant is expressed in moles and multiplied by the molar mass of each to give the mass of each ...
These include the Boltzmann constant, which gives the correspondence of the dimension temperature to the dimension of energy per degree of freedom, and the Avogadro constant, which gives the correspondence of the dimension of amount of substance with the dimension of count of entities (the latter formally regarded in the SI as being dimensionless).