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2. Vitamin - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin

   Vitamin B 5 (pantothenic acid) Vitamin B 6 ; Vitamin B 7 ; Vitamin B 9 (folic acid and folates) Vitamin B 12 ; Vitamin C (ascorbic acid and ascorbates) Vitamin D (calciferols) Vitamin E (tocopherols and tocotrienols) Vitamin K (phylloquinones, menaquinones, and menadiones) Some sources include a fourteenth, choline. [6]

3. Pantoic acid - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantoic_acid

   Pantoic acid is the alpha hydroxy acid with the formula HOCH 2 C(CH 3) 2 CH(OH)CO 2 H. The compound is almost always encountered in a biological context, as an aqueous solution of its conjugate base pantoate HOCH 2 C(CH 3) 2 CH(OH)CO 2-. The amide of pantoic acid with β-alanine is pantothenic acid (vitamin B 5), [1] a component of coenzyme A.

4. Phenylacetic acid - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylacetic_acid

   Phenylacetic acid (conjugate base phenylacetate), also known by various synonyms, is an organic compound containing a phenyl functional group and a carboxylic acid functional group. It is a white solid with a strong honey-like odor .

5. Cysteamine - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteamine

   Cysteamine is an organosulfur compound with the formula HSCH 2 CH 2 NH 2.A white, water-soluble solid, it contains both an amine and a thiol functional groups. It is often used as salts of the ammonium derivative [HSCH 2 CH 2 NH 3] + [12] including the hydrochloride, phosphocysteamine, and the bitartrate. [13]

6. Protocatechuic acid - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocatechuic_acid

   Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. PCA extracted from Hibiscus sabdariffa protected against chemically induced liver toxicity in vivo.In vitro testing documented antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of PCA, while liver protection in vivo was measured by chemical markers and histological assessment.

7. Biotin - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotin

   A C5-carboxylic acid side chain is appended to the former ring. The ureido ring, containing the −N−CO−N− group, serves as the carbon dioxide carrier in carboxylation reactions. [ 7 ] Biotin is a coenzyme for five carboxylase enzymes, which are involved in the catabolism of amino acids and fatty acids , synthesis of fatty acids , and ...