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  2. Horizontal integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_integration

    Research. v. t. e. Horizontal integration is the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same level of the value chain, in the same industry. A company may do this via internal expansion or through mergers and acquisitions. [ 1][ 2][ 3] The process can lead to monopoly if a company captures the vast majority of ...

  3. Product differentiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_differentiation

    Product differentiation. In economics and marketing, product differentiation (or simply differentiation) is the process of distinguishing a product or service from others to make it more attractive to a particular target market. This involves differentiating it from competitors ' products as well as from a firm's other products.

  4. Vertical integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_integration

    Vertical integration is the degree to which a firm owns its upstream suppliers and its downstream buyers. The differences depend on where the firm is placed in the order of the supply chain. There are three varieties of vertical integration: backward (upstream) vertical integration, forward (downstream) vertical integration, and balanced (both ...

  5. DFFITS - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFFITS

    DFFITS. In statistics, DFFIT and DFFITS ("difference in fit (s)") are diagnostics meant to show how influential a point is in a linear regression, first proposed in 1980. [ 1] DFFIT is the change in the predicted value for a point, obtained when that point is left out of the regression: where and are the prediction for point i with and without ...

  6. Diversification (finance) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversification_(finance)

    Outline. Business and Economics portal. Money portal. v. t. e. In finance, diversification is the process of allocating capital in a way that reduces the exposure to any one particular asset or risk. A common path towards diversification is to reduce risk or volatility by investing in a variety of assets.

  7. Flat organization - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_organization

    Flat organization. A flat organization (also known as horizontal organization or flat hierarchy) is an organizational structure with few or no levels of middle management between staff and executives. An organizational structure refers to the nature of the distribution of the units and positions within it, and also to the nature of the ...

  8. Horizontal and vertical décalage - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_and_Vertical...

    According to these psychologists, horizontal and vertical décalage are the product of the development of the prefrontal cortex in children, which "contributes to age-related advances in flexible behavior". [8] Certain tests and studies have been conducted to show how horizontal and vertical décalage are related to neural functioning.

  9. Impact factor - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_factor

    The impact factor ( IF) or journal impact factor ( JIF) of an academic journal is a scientometric index calculated by Clarivate that reflects the yearly mean number of citations of articles published in the last two years in a given journal, as indexed by Clarivate's Web of Science . As a journal-level metric, it is frequently used as a proxy ...