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French orthography encompasses the spelling and punctuation of the French language.It is based on a combination of phonemic and historical principles. The spelling of words is largely based on the pronunciation of Old French c. 1100 –1200 AD, and has stayed more or less the same since then, despite enormous changes to the pronunciation of the language in the intervening years.
The rhetorical question mark or percontation point (see Irony punctuation) was invented by Henry Denham in the 1580s and was used at the end of a rhetorical question; [ 24] however, it became obsolete in the 17th century. It was the reverse of an ordinary question mark, so that instead of the main opening pointing back into the sentence, it ...
Liberté, égalité, fraternité ( French pronunciation: [libɛʁte eɡalite fʁatɛʁnite] ), French for ' liberty, equality, fraternity ', [1] is the national motto of France and the Republic of Haiti, and is an example of a tripartite motto. Although it finds its origins in the French Revolution, it was then only one motto among others and ...
The national symbols of the French Fifth Republic are: [1] The French flag. The national anthem: "La Marseillaise". The national personification: Marianne. The national motto: Liberté, égalité, fraternité (Liberty, equality, fraternity) The national day: Bastille Day (celebrated on 14 July) The Gallic rooster.
La Marseillaise. " La Marseillaise " [a] is the national anthem of France. The song was written in 1792 by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle in Strasbourg after the declaration of war by France against Austria, and was originally titled " Chant de guerre pour l'Armée du Rhin " [b] ("War Song for the Army of the Rhine ").
The circumflex (ˆ) is one of the five diacritics used in French orthography. It may appear on the vowels a, e, i, o, and u, for example â in pâté . The circumflex, called accent circonflexe, has three primary functions in French: It affects the pronunciation of a, e, and o.
20th century: [3] Constitutional Law of 1940 adopted 10 July 1940, established Vichy France. Constitutional law of 2 November 1945, organized the Provisional Government of the French Republic. Constitution of 27 October 1946, established the Fourth Republic. Constitution of 4 October 1958, established the Fifth Republic.
Idealized sans-culotte by Louis-Léopold Boilly (1761–1845). The sans-culottes (French: [sɑ̃kylɔt]; lit. ' without breeches ') were the common people of the lower classes in late 18th-century France, a great many of whom became radical and militant partisans of the French Revolution in response to their poor quality of life under the Ancien Régime. [1]