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2. Condenser (optics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenser_(optics)

   Condenser (optics) A condenser is an optical lens that renders a divergent light beam from a point light source into a parallel or converging beam to illuminate an object to be imaged. Condensers are an essential part of any imaging device, such as microscopes, enlargers, slide projectors, and telescopes. The concept is applicable to all kinds ...

3. Phase-contrast microscopy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-contrast_microscopy

   Phase-contrast microscope. Phase-contrast microscopy (PCM) is an optical microscopy technique that converts phase shifts in light passing through a transparent specimen to brightness changes in the image. Phase shifts themselves are invisible, but become visible when shown as brightness variations.

4. Dark-field microscopy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark-field_microscopy

   Dark-field microscopy (also called dark-ground microscopy) describes microscopy methods, in both light and electron microscopy, which exclude the unscattered beam from the image. Consequently, the field around the specimen (i.e., where there is no specimen to scatter the beam) is generally dark. In optical microscopes a darkfield condenser lens ...

5. Hoffman modulation contrast microscopy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoffman_modulation...

   Scale bar=10 μm. [1] Hoffman modulation contrast microscopy (HMC microscopy) is an optical microscopy technique for enhancing the contrast in unstained biological specimens. The technique was invented by Robert Hoffman in 1975. [2] Like differential interference contrast microscopy (DIC microscopy), contrast is increased by using components in ...

6. Differential interference contrast microscopy - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential_interference...

   Laser-induced optical damage in LiNbO 3 under 150× Nomarski microscopy. Differential interference contrast ( DIC) microscopy, also known as Nomarski interference contrast ( NIC) or Nomarski microscopy, is an optical microscopy technique used to enhance the contrast in unstained, transparent samples. DIC works on the principle of interferometry ...

7. Köhler illumination - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Köhler_illumination

   Köhler illumination is a method of specimen illumination used for transmitted and reflected light (trans- and epi-illuminated) optical microscopy. Köhler illumination acts to generate an even illumination of the sample and ensures that an image of the illumination source (for example a halogen lamp filament) is not visible in the resulting image.