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Assessment of the urinary tract for abnormalities such as blockage or narrowing, the presence of kidney stones, or tumours. [2] Use of duplex ultrasound to determine if there is backward flow of urine, for example in vesicoureteric reflux. Determination of how much urine is in the bladder, for example to assess for urinary retention.
A high osmolar contrast agent such as diatrizoate or a low osmolar contrast agent such as Iotalamic acid with a concentration of 150 mg per ml is used for the procedure. [2] [1] The urinary bladder is catheterised under aseptic technique. The contrast medium is slowly injected or dripped in.
The Mitrofanoff procedure is sometimes performed along with bladder neck closure, [16] but Duckett advised against the closure of the bladder neck. [14] Today, the Mitrofanoff procedure can be performed robotically or using laparoscopic techniques and it paved the way for the creation of other urinary conduits using fallopian tubes, ureters ...
Cystoscopy has similar indications in animals, including visualisation and biopsy of mucosa, retrieval or destruction of urinary bladder stones and diagnosis of ectopic ureters. [9] [10] [11] In turtle and tortoises, cystoscopy has additional value as it permits the visualisation of internal organs due to the thin urinary bladder wall. [12]
In radiology and urology, a cystography (also known as cystogram) is a procedure used to visualise the urinary bladder. Using a urinary catheter, radiocontrast is instilled in the bladder, and X-ray imaging is performed. Cystography can be used to evaluate bladder cancer, vesicoureteral reflux, bladder polyps, and hydronephrosis.
Endourology is the branch of urology that deals with the closed manipulation of the urinary tract. [19] It has lately grown to include all minimally invasive urologic surgical procedures. As opposed to open surgery, endourology is performed using small cameras and instruments inserted into the urinary tract.
Cystolithotomy is a surgical procedure for the removal of bladder stones in the case that one has been deemed too large to pass naturally, such as developed jackstone calculi. This may require open surgery to remove the stone, however robotic cystolithotomy allows for a minimally invasive approach to remove the stone through much smaller ...
Bladder outlet obstruction is included in the spectrum of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). CAKUT is the most common cause of birth defects, occurring in 1 out of 1000 live births, and accounts for approximately half of all cases of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease in children.