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Positive-results bias, a type of publication bias, occurs when authors are more likely to submit, or editors are more likely to accept, positive results than negative or inconclusive results. [15] Outcome reporting bias occurs when multiple outcomes are measured and analyzed, but the reporting of these outcomes is dependent on the strength and ...
An asymmetric funnel indicates a relationship between treatment effect estimate and study precision. This suggests the possibility of either publication bias or a systematic difference between studies of higher and lower precision (typically ‘small study effects’). Asymmetry can also arise from use of an inappropriate effect measure.
In 1997, Egger published a paper describing a method for detecting bias in meta-analyses by analyzing funnel plots. [4] This paper has been cited more than 38,600 times on Google Scholar as of May 2022. [5] In 2005, Egger published a study comparing 110 trials of homeopathy with 110 trials of conventional medicine in the Lancet.
There are multiple other cognitive biases which involve or are types of confirmation bias: Backfire effect, a tendency to react to disconfirming evidence by strengthening one's previous beliefs. [33] Congruence bias, the tendency to test hypotheses exclusively through direct testing, instead of testing possible alternative hypotheses. [12]
The problem of publication bias is not trivial as it is suggested that 25% of meta-analyses in the psychological sciences may have suffered from publication bias. [120] However, low power of existing tests and problems with the visual appearance of the funnel plot remain an issue, and estimates of publication bias may remain lower than what ...
WASHINGTON – The fatal airline crash at Washington’s airport – the first U.S. passenger plane crash since 2009 – became the first major test of President Donald Trump's new administration.
Missing factors, unmeasured confounders, and loss to follow-up can also lead to bias. [6] By selecting papers with significant p-values, negative studies are selected against, which is publication bias. This is also known as file drawer bias, because less significant p-value results are left in the file drawer and never published.
A growing number of prominent companies have scaled back or set aside the diversity, equity and inclusion initiatives that much of corporate America endorsed following the protests that ...