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A McLeod gauge is a scientific instrument used to measure very low pressures, down to 10 −6 Torr (0.133 mPa). It was invented in 1874 by Herbert McLeod (1841–1923). [ 1 ] McLeod gauges were once commonly found attached to equipment that operates under vacuum , such as a lyophilizer .
For low pressure differences, light oil or water are commonly used (the latter giving rise to units of measurement such as inches water gauge and millimetres H 2 O). Liquid-column pressure gauges have a highly linear calibration. They have poor dynamic response because the fluid in the column may react slowly to a pressure change.
The gauge may be used for pressures between 0.5 Torr to 1×10 −4 Torr. Below 5×10 −4 Torr, a Pirani gauge has only one significant digit of resolution. The thermal conductivity and heat capacity of the gas affects the readout from the meter, and therefore the apparatus may need calibrating before accurate readings are obtainable.
The low-pressure sensitivity of hot-cathode gauges is limited by the photoelectric effect. Electrons hitting the grid produce X-rays that produce photoelectric noise in the ion collector. This limits the range of older hot-cathode gauges to 10 −8 Torr and the Bayard–Alpert gauges to about 10 −10 Torr. Additional wires at cathode potential ...
Gauges for measuring pressure in the range 20–30 standard atmospheres (15,000–23,000 mmHg) have been built. [13] A 23-metre-tall mercury column is difficult to read and suffers from inaccuracies caused by different parts of the column being at different temperatures. A more compact mercury pressure gauge suitable for high pressure was built ...
A tire-pressure gauge, or tyre-pressure gauge, is a pressure gauge used to measure the pressure of tires on a vehicle. Proper tire pressure is crucial for vehicle safety, fuel efficiency, and tire longevity. Tire gauges come in various types, including analog, digital, and dial gauges, each offering different features and accuracy levels.
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