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Other side effects may include pain or skin changes at the sites of injection, low blood potassium, and allergic reactions. [3] Use during pregnancy is relatively safe for the fetus. [3] NPH insulin is made by mixing regular insulin and protamine in exact proportions with zinc and phenol such that a neutral-pH is maintained and crystals form. [1]
These side effects subside within thirty minutes. Over time, a visible dent at a repeat-injection site can occur due to the local destruction of fat tissue, known as lipoatrophy, that may develop. [medical citation needed] More serious side effects have been reported for glatiramer acetate, according to the prescription label in the US.
Common side effects include nausea, pain at the site of injection, and headache. [2] It may also cause a temporary increase in blood pressure and decrease in heart rate after each dose, and darkening of the gums, face, and breasts. [4] The medication is a peptide and acts by activating the melanocortin receptors. [1] [5]
Other serious side effects may include medullary thyroid cancer, angioedema, pancreatitis, and kidney injury. [7] Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is of unclear safety. [ 9 ] Exenatide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 receptor agonist) also known as incretin mimetics . [ 7 ]
The American Diabetes Association said in 2003 that, unlike some other longer-acting insulins, glargine should not be diluted or mixed with other insulin or solution in the same syringe, due to the low pH of its diluent. [16] However, a 2004 study found that mixing glargine with other insulins did not affect short-term glycemic profile. [17]
The most frequently observed are nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting, which increased in incidence with the dosage amount (that is, the higher the dose, the higher the likelihood of side-effects). The number of patients who discontinued taking tirzepatide also increased as the dosage increased, with patients taking 15 mg having a 25% discontinuation ...
[23] [24] [25] It is a peptide similar to the hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), modified with a side chain. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] It can be administered by subcutaneous injection or taken orally . [ 14 ] [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 28 ] It is sold by Novo Nordisk under the brand names Ozempic [ 14 ] and Rybelsus [ 15 ] for diabetes, and under the brand name ...
The significance of using drugs with optimal dose is lowering the occurrence of intolerable side effects, adverse reactions, and possible drug toxicity in patient's body. This increases the safe use of drugs and increases patient compliance with the therapy. [30] One of the examples is the use of calcium channel blocker and beta-blocker.