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  2. Conserved signature indels - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conserved_signature_indels

    Conserved signature inserts and deletions (CSIs) in protein sequences provide an important category of molecular markers for understanding phylogenetic relationships. [1] [2] CSIs, brought about by rare genetic changes, provide useful phylogenetic markers that are generally of defined size and they are flanked on both sides by conserved regions to ensure their reliability.

  3. Conserved sequence - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conserved_sequence

    Conserved sequences with a known function, such as protein domains, can also be used to predict the function of a sequence. Databases of conserved protein domains such as Pfam and the Conserved Domain Database can be used to annotate functional domains in predicted protein coding genes.

  4. Multiple sequence alignment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_sequence_alignment

    A general objective function is optimized during the simulation, most generally the "sum of pairs" maximization function introduced in dynamic programming-based MSA methods. A technique for protein sequences has been implemented in the software program SAGA (Sequence Alignment by Genetic Algorithm) [ 37 ] and its equivalent in RNA is called RAGA.

  5. Sequence alignment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_alignment

    Sequence alignment is also a part of genome assembly, where sequences are aligned to find overlap so that contigs (long stretches of sequence) can be formed. [39] Another use is SNP analysis, where sequences from different individuals are aligned to find single basepairs that are often different in a population. [40]

  6. Molecular-weight size marker - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular-weight_size_marker

    There are two common methods in which to construct a DNA molecular-weight size marker. [3] One such method employs the technique of partial ligation. [3] DNA ligation is the process by which linear DNA pieces are connected to each other via covalent bonds; more specifically, these bonds are phosphodiester bonds. [4]

  7. Synteny - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synteny

    Synteny is widely used in studying complex genomes, as comparative genomics allows the presence and possibly function of genes in a simpler, model organism to infer those in a more complex one. For example, wheat has a very large, complex genome which is difficult to study.

  8. Sequence homology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_homology

    Bottom: in a separate species , a gene has a similar function (histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein) but has a separate evolutionary origin and so is an analog. Sequence homology is the biological homology between DNA , RNA , or protein sequences , defined in terms of shared ancestry in the evolutionary history of life .

  9. Major histocompatibility complex - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_histocompatibility...

    In humans, the MHC region occurs on chromosome 6, between the flanking genetic markers MOG and COL11A2 (from 6p22.1 to 6p21.3 about 29Mb to 33Mb on the hg38 assembly), and contains 224 genes spanning 3.6 megabase pairs (3 600 000 bases). [11] About half have known immune functions.