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Pain: acute pain is mainly due to optic neuritis (with corticosteroids being the best treatment available), as well as trigeminal neuralgia, Lhermitte's sign, or dysesthesias. [154] Subacute pain is usually secondary to the disease and can be a consequence of spending too long in the same position, urinary retention, and infected skin ulcers ...
Ocrelizumab, sold under the brand name Ocrevus, is a medication used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. It is a humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody. [8] It targets CD20 marker on B lymphocytes and is an immunosuppressive drug. [10] Ocrelizumab binds to an epitope that overlaps with the epitope to which rituximab binds. [10]
Fingolimod, sold under the brand name Gilenya, is an immunomodulating medication, used for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. [4] Fingolimod is a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator, which sequesters lymphocytes in lymph nodes, preventing them from contributing to an autoimmune reaction. It has been reported to reduce the rate of ...
Systemic scleroderma, or systemic sclerosis, is an autoimmune rheumatic disease characterised by excessive production and accumulation of collagen, called fibrosis, in the skin and internal organs and by injuries to small arteries. There are two major subgroups of systemic sclerosis based on the extent of skin involvement: limited and diffuse ...
First, it produces uric acid after ingestion, [55] which is a natural antioxidant; [56] second, it has been shown to induce axonal rewiring in laboratory animals with stroke, [57] and spinal cord injury. [58] However it can cause health problems in a long-term treatment, [59] mainly kidney stones. [60]
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In the United states, natalizumab is indicated for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease. [1] [9] It is indicated to treat clinically isolated syndrome – a single, first occurrence of multiple sclerosis symptoms; relapsing-remitting disease – a type of multiple sclerosis that occurs when people have episodes of new neurological symptoms followed by periods of stability ...
Glatiramer acetate, sold under the brand name Copaxone among others, is an immunomodulator medication used to treat multiple sclerosis. [1] [2] Glatiramer acetate is approved in the United States to reduce the frequency of relapses, but not for reducing the progression of disability.