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Paramount leader, an informal list of those who have been considered the highest leader of the Chinese Communist Party and the People's Republic of China; Leader of the Chinese Communist Party; Chairman of the Kuomintang; List of leaders of the People's Republic of China of institutions; List of national leaders of the People's Republic of China
The Republic of China president is called 總統 (Zǒngtǒng, "President"), and from 1912–1928, 大總統 (Dàzǒngtǒng, "Grand President"). Since 1949, the de facto territory of the ROC is reduced to Taiwan and its surrounding islands, the former previously ruled by Japan from 1895 to 1945, no longer governing mainland China.
The people of urban areas were given food stamps each month, but the people of rural areas were expected to grow their own crops and give some of the crops back to the government. The death count in rural parts of China surpassed the deaths in the urban centers. [198]
1 October 1949 15 September 1954 26 years, 3 months and 1 week CP: Zhou I: Mao Zedong: 27 September 1954 18 April 1959 I: Zhou II: Mao Zedong 18 April 1959 21 December 1964 II: Zhou III: Liu Shaoqi: Mao Zedong 21 December 1964 4 January 1975 III: Zhou IV: Liu Shaoqi then vacant: Mao Zedong 4 January 1975 8 January 1976† IV: Zhou V: Abolished ...
These leaders were also involved in the Chinese revolution, but with the exception of Deng Xiaoping, served in more junior roles, as they were all born from 1897 to 1921 (that is, some were born after the demise of the Qing Empire in the Xinhai Revolution). Like the first generation, many were educated overseas, particularly in France.
The first constitution of the People's Republic of China was promulgated in 1954. After two intervening versions enacted in 1975 and 1978, the current Constitution was promulgated in 1982. There were significant differences between each of these versions, and the 1982 Constitution has subsequently been amended several times.
1 October 1949 27 September 1954 Zhu De Liu Shaoqi Soong Ching-ling Li Jishen Zhang Lan Gao Gang: Himself Mao also held more powerful offices as Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, making him the Paramount leader of China.
[14] [15] Meeting criticisms from Marshal Peng Dehuai and others at the Lushan conference over the radical policies, Mao launched the massive "Anti-Right Deviation Struggle" in 1959, [16] during which over 3 million CCP members were labelled as "right-deviationists" or "right-opportunists" and were subsequently purged or penalized. [17]